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As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 13, 2006
Registration No. 333-131878
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Amendment No. 1
to
Form S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Maryland
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86-1062192 |
(State of jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
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(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
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Montgomery J. Bennett |
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David A. Brooks |
14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100
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14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100 |
Dallas, Texas 75254
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Dallas, Texas 75254 |
(972) 490-9600
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(972) 490-9600 |
(Address including zip code, and telephone number,
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(Name, address, including zip code, and |
including area code, of registrants principal executive
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telephone number, including area code, of agent for |
offices)
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service) |
Copies to:
David Barbour
Muriel C. McFarling
Andrews Kurth LLP
1717 Main Street, Suite 3700
Dallas, Texas 75201
(214) 659-4400
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after
the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or
interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. o
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or
continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities
offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box.
: þ
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule
462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration
statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities
Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the
earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a
post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission
pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box: o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to
General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of
securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box: o
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
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Title of each class of securities to |
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Proposed maximum aggregate |
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be registered |
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offering price(1) |
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Amount of registration fee(2) |
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Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |
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Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share |
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Debt Securities(3) |
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Warrants(4) |
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Total |
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$ |
700,000,000 |
(5) |
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$ |
74,900 |
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(1) |
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The proposed aggregate offering prices per class of security will be determined from time
to time by the registrant in connection with the issuance by the registrant of the securities
registered hereunder. |
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(2) |
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Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) of the rules and regulations of the Securities Act of
1933, as amended. Pursuant to Rule 429 under the Securities Act, the prospectus included in
this registration statement also relates to the securities registered by the registrant on
Form S-3, Registration No. 333-114283, initially filed on April 7, 2004, as to which
securities having an estimated aggregate offering price of $4,816,478 remain unsold and for
which the registration fee was previously paid. Pursuant to Rule 457(p) under the Securities
Act, $515 of the filing fee paid in connection with unsold securities from the prior
registration statement is being used to offset the filing fee due herewith. Accordingly, a
filing fee of $74,385 was paid with the initial filing. |
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(3) |
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Debt securities may be issued with original issue discount such that the aggregate initial
public offering price will not exceed $700,000,000, together with the other securities issued
hereunder. |
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The warrants represent rights to purchase other classes of securities of Ashford Hospitality
Trust, Inc. registered hereunder. |
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(5) |
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In no event will the aggregate initial offering price of all securities issued from time to
time pursuant to this Registration Statement exceed $700,000,000 or the equivalent thereof in
one or more foreign currencies, foreign currency units, or composite currencies. The
securities registered hereunder may be sold separately or as units with other securities
registered hereunder. |
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Pursuant to Rule 429 under the Securities Act of 1933, the prospectus contained in this
registration statement is a combined prospectus that also relates to $4,816,478 of securities
registered under the registrants registration statement on Form S-3, Registration No. 333-114283,
which is being carried forward in connection with this registration statement. The amount of
securities being registered pursuant to this registration statement, together with the remaining
securities registered under registration statement No. 333-114283, represents the maximum amount of
securities which are expected to be offered for sale. The registration fee for the securities
registered under the registrants registration statement No. 333-114283 was paid upon filing with
the Commission of that registration statement.
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary
to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically
states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with
Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall
become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may
determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed or supplemented. We
cannot sell any of the securities described in this prospectus until the registration statement
that we have filed to cover the securities has become effective under the rules of the Securities
and Exchange Commission. This prospectus is not an offer to sell the securities, nor is it a
solicitation of an offer to buy the securities, in any state where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
SUBJECT
TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 13, 2006
PROSPECTUS
$700,000,000
COMMON STOCK
PREFERRED STOCK
DEBT SECURITIES
WARRANTS
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. intends to offer and sell from time to time the debt
and equity securities described in this prospectus. The total offering price of the securities
described in this prospectus will not exceed $700,000,000 in the aggregate.
We will provide the specific terms of any securities we may offer in a supplement to this
prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement
before deciding to invest in these securities.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AHT. We may
make any sales of our common shares under this prospectus, if any, on or through the facilities
of the New York Stock Exchange, to or through a market maker, or to or through an electronic
communications network, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, or in any other manner
permitted by law (including, without limitation, privately negotiated
transactions). On July 12, 2006, the last reported sale price of our
common stock as reported was $12.65 per share.
The securities may be offered directly, through agents designated by us from time to time,
or through underwriters or dealers.
Investing in our securities involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 2 of
this prospectus to read about risks you should consider before buying our securities.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission
has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date
of this prospectus is , 2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this
prospectus. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. If anyone
provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. An offer to
sell these securities will not be made in any jurisdiction where the offer and sale is not
permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, as well as
information we previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated by
reference, is accurate as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus only. Our business,
financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a shelf registration statement. We may sell, from time to time, in
one or more offerings, any combinations of the securities described in this prospectus. This
prospectus only provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time
we sell securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that contains
specific information about the terms of the securities. The prospectus supplement may also add,
update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and
any prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the heading
Where You Can Find More Information.
The total dollar amount of the securities sold under this prospectus will not exceed
$700,000,000.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the
Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may read and copy
any materials that we file with the SEC without charge at the public reference room of the
Securities and Exchange Commission, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 1024, Washington, DC 20549.
Information about the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the
Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0300. Also, the SEC maintains an internet website
that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers,
including Ashford, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that
we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
We also make available free of charge on or through our internet website (www.ahtreit.com) our
Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and, if
applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the
Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or
furnish it to, the SEC.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set
forth in the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For
further information with respect to our company and our securities, reference is made to the
registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement.
Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document
referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete and, where that contract is an exhibit
to the registration statement, each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the
exhibit to which the reference relates.
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the information we file with them, which means
that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to other documents that we file
with the SEC. These incorporated documents contain important business and financial information
about us that is not included in or delivered with this prospectus. The information incorporated by
reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information filed with the SEC
will update and supersede this information.
We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the
SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, until the
offering of securities covered by this prospectus is complete:
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our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005; |
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our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006; and |
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our Current Reports on Form 8-K or 8-K/A, as applicable, filed with the SEC on December
29, 2004, August 30, 2005, January 25, 2006, February 17, 2006 (both Current Reports filed
on such date), February 23, 2006 (pursuant to Items 1.01 and 9.01), March 13, 2006, March
28, 2006, April 3, 2006, April 24, |
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2006, May 9, 2006 (pursuant to Item 9.01), May 23, 2006 (the Current Reports filed pursuant
to Items 1.01 and 9.01 and Items 8.01 and 9.01, respectively),
June 30, 2006 and July 12,
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You may obtain copies of these documents at no cost by writing or telephoning us at the
following address:
Investor Relations
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100
Dallas, Texas 75254
(972) 490-9600
A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus, and in the information incorporated by
reference into it, that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements
include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition,
liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. Statements regarding the following subjects
are forward-looking by their nature:
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our business and investment strategy; |
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our projected operating results; |
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completion of any pending transactions; |
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our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
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our understanding of our competition; |
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market trends; |
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projected capital expenditures; and |
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the impact of technology on our operations and business. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our
future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs,
assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of
which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results
of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. You
should carefully consider this risk when you make an investment decision concerning our securities.
Additionally, the following factors could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking
statements:
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the factors discussed in this prospectus, and in the information incorporated by
reference into it, including those set forth under the section titled Risk Factors; |
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general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our securities; |
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changes in our business or investment strategy; |
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availability, terms and deployment of capital; |
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availability of qualified personnel; |
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changes in our industry and the market in which we operate, interest rates or the general economy; and |
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the degree and nature of our competition. |
When we use the words will likely result, may, anticipate, estimate, should,
expect, believe, intend, or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking
statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We are not
obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new
information, future events or otherwise.
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OUR COMPANY
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to invest in the hospitality
industry at all levels of the capital structure. Since our initial public offering in August 2003,
we have actively acquired hotel assets. Our portfolio includes 73 hotel properties in 22 states
with 12,963 rooms, one office building and $112.6 million of debt investments. Our hotel
investments are currently focused on the upscale and upper-upscale lodging segments and are
concentrated among Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and Starwood brands.
Our business strategy is to target specific opportunities created by the current strengthening
lodging market while retaining the flexibility to invest in the most attractive risk-reward
opportunities as they develop in the lodging business cycle. Our target investments include (i)
direct hotel investments; (ii) mezzanine financing through origination or through acquisition in
secondary markets; (iii) first lien mortgage financing through origination or through acquisition
in secondary markets; and (iv) sale-leaseback transactions.
We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct our business through Ashford
Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership. We are the sole general partner of our
operating partnership.
We have elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income
tax purposes. Because of limitations imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, third-party
managers manage each of our hotel properties. Our employees perform, directly through our operating
partnership, various acquisition, development, redevelopment and corporate management functions.
All persons employed in the day-to-day operations of our hotels are employees of the management
companies engaged by our lessees, and are not our employees.
Our principal executive offices are located at 14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas
75254. Our telephone number is (972) 490-9600. Our website is http://www.ahtreit.com. The contents
of our website are not a part of this prospectus. Our shares of common stock are traded on the New
York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under the symbol AHT.
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves various risks. You should carefully consider the
following risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this prospectus
before purchasing our securities. The risks discussed in this prospectus can adversely affect our
business, liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could cause the
market price of our securities to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your
investment. The risk factors described below are not the only risks that may affect us. Additional
risks and uncertainties not presently known to us also may adversely affect our business,
liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business
Our business strategy depends on our continued growth. We may fail to integrate recent and
additional investments into our operations or otherwise manage our planned growth, which may
adversely affect our operating results.
Our business plan contemplates a period of continued growth in the next several years. We
cannot assure you that we will be able to adapt our management, administrative, accounting and
operational systems, or hire and retain sufficient operational staff to successfully integrate our
recent investments into our portfolio and manage any future acquisitions of additional assets
without operating disruptions or unanticipated costs. Acquisitions of any additional portfolio of
properties or mortgages would generate additional operating expenses that we will be required to
pay. As we acquire additional assets, we will be subject to the operational risks associated with
owning new lodging properties. Our failure to successfully integrate our recent acquisitions as
well as any future acquisitions into our portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our
results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We may be unable to identify additional real estate investments that meet our investment criteria
or to acquire the properties we have under contract.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify real estate investments that meet our
investment criteria, that we will be successful in completing any investment we identify or that
any investment we complete will produce a return on our investment. Moreover, we will have broad
authority to invest in any real estate investments that we may identify in the future. We also
cannot assure you that we will acquire properties we currently have under firm purchase contracts,
if any, or that the acquisition terms we have negotiated will not change.
Conflicts of interest could result in our management acting other than in our stockholders best
interest.
Conflicts of interest relating to Remington Hotel Corporation, or Remington Hotel, and
Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., or Remington Lodging, may lead to management decisions that
are not in the stockholders best interest. The Chairman of our board of directors, Mr. Archie
Bennett, Jr., serves as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel, and our Chief
Executive Officer and President, Mr. Montgomery Bennett, serves as the Chief Executive Officer and
President of Remington Hotel. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of Remington Hotel.
Remington Lodging, which is also 100% owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, manages 29 of
our 73 properties and provides related services, including property management services and
project development services. Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett still own
minority interests in one lodging property not transferred to our operating partnership.
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennetts ownership interests in and management obligations to
Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging present them with conflicts of interest in making management
decisions related to the commercial arrangements between us and Remington Lodging and will reduce
the time and effort they each spend managing us. Our board of directors has adopted a policy that
requires all management decisions relating to the management agreements with Remington Lodging be
approved by a majority or, in certain circumstances, all of our independent directors.
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Holders of units in our operating partnership, including members of our management team, may
suffer adverse tax consequences upon our sale of certain properties. Therefore, holders of units,
either directly or indirectly, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Mr. David Brooks,
our Chief Legal Officer, Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Mark Nunneley, our
Chief Accounting Officer, and Mr. Martin L. Edelman (or his family members), one of our directors,
may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing and timing of a particular
propertys sale. These officers and directors of ours may influence us not to sell or refinance
certain properties, even if such sale or refinancing might be financially advantageous to our
stockholders, or to enter into tax deferred exchanges with the proceeds of such sales when such a
reinvestment might not otherwise be in our best interest.
In addition, we have agreed to indemnify contributors of properties contributed to us in
exchange for operating partnership units, including (indirectly) Messrs. Archie and Montgomery
Bennett, Brooks, Kimichik, Nunneley and Edelman (or his family members), against the income tax
they may incur if we dispose of the specified contributed properties. Because of this
indemnification, our indemnified management team members may make decisions about selling any of
these properties that are not in our stockholders best interest.
We are a party to a master hotel management agreement and an exclusivity agreement with
Remington Lodging, which describes the terms of Remington Lodgings management of our hotels, as
well as any future hotels we may acquire that will be managed by Remington Lodging. If we
terminate the management agreement as to any of the six hotels we acquired in connection with our
initial public offering, which are all subject to the management agreement, because we elect to
sell those hotels, we will be required to pay Remington Lodging a substantial termination fee. The
exclusivity agreement requires us to engage Remington Lodging, unless our independent directors
either (i) unanimously vote to hire a different manager or developer, or (ii) by a majority vote,
elect not to engage Remington Lodging because they have determined that special circumstances exist
or that, based on Remington Lodgings prior performance, another manager or developer could perform
the duties materially better. As the sole owners of Remington Lodging, which would receive any
development, management and management termination fees payable by us under the management
agreement, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett may influence our decisions to sell, acquire or
develop hotels when it is not in the best interests of our stockholders to do so.
In addition, Ashford Financial Corporation, an affiliate, contributed certain asset management
and consulting agreements to us in connection with our initial public offering relating to
management and consulting services that Ashford Financial Corporation agreed to perform for hotel
property managers with respect to 27 identified hotel properties in which Messrs. Archie and
Montgomery Bennett held a minority interest. Ashford Financial Corporation is 100% owned by
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. The agreements provided for annual payments to us, as the
assignee of Ashford Financial Corporation, in consideration for our performance of certain asset
management and consulting services. The exact amount of the consideration due to us under the
remaining asset management and consulting agreements is contingent upon the revenue generated by
the hotels underlying the asset management and consulting agreements. Ashford Financial
Corporation has guaranteed a minimum payment to us of $1.2 million per year, subject to adjustments
based on the consumer price index, through December 31, 2008. All but one of the 27 hotel
properties for which we previously provided the asset management and consulting services have been
sold, including our acquisition of 21 of the hotel properties in March 2006. We do not expect the
remaining hotel property for which we provide asset management and consulting services to generate
sufficient revenue to result in at least $1.2 million in fees to us per year of the agreement.
Accordingly, we anticipate collecting the balance of the guaranteed minimum payment of $1.2 million
per year from Ashford Financial Corporation under its guarantee.
Tax indemnification obligations that apply in the event that we sell certain properties could limit
our operating flexibility.
If we dispose of any of the five properties that were contributed to us in exchange for units
in our operating partnership in connection with our initial public offering, we may be obligated to
indemnify the contributors, including Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett whom have substantial
ownership interests, against the tax consequences of the sale. In addition, under the tax
indemnification agreements, we have agreed for a period of 10 years to use commercially reasonable
efforts to maintain non-recourse mortgage indebtedness in the amount of at
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least $16.0 million, which will allow the contributors to defer recognition of gain in
connection with the contribution of the Las Vegas hotel property as part of our formation.
Additionally, we are prohibited from selling or transferring the Sea Turtle Inn in Atlantic
Beach, Florida, for a certain period if, as a result, the entity from whom we acquired the property
would recognize gain for federal tax purposes.
Further, in connection with our acquisition of certain properties in March 2005 that were
contributed to us in exchange for units in our operating partnership, we agreed to certain tax
indemnities with respect to 11 additional properties. If we dispose of any of these 11 properties
or reduce the debt on these properties in a transaction that results in a taxable gain to the
contributors, we may be obligated to indemnify the contributors or their specified assignees
against the tax consequences of the transaction.
In general, our tax indemnities will be equal to the amount of the federal, state and local
income tax liability the contributor or its specified assignee incurs with respect to the gain
allocated to the contributor. The terms of the contribution agreements also generally require us
to gross up tax indemnity payments for the amount of income taxes due as a result of the tax
indemnity.
While the tax indemnities generally do not contractually limit our ability to conduct our
business in the way we desire, we are less likely to sell any of the contributed properties for
which we have agreed to the tax indemnities described above in a taxable transaction during the
applicable indemnity period. Instead, we would either hold the property for the entire indemnity
period or seek to transfer the property in a tax-deferred like-kind exchange. In addition, a
condemnation of one of our properties could trigger our tax indemnification obligations.
Hotel franchise requirements could adversely affect distributions to our stockholders.
We must comply with operating standards, terms and conditions imposed by the franchisors of
the hotel brands under which our hotels operate. Franchisors periodically inspect their licensed
hotels to confirm adherence to their operating standards. The failure of a hotel to maintain
standards could result in the loss or cancellation of a franchise license. With respect to
operational standards, we rely on our property managers to conform to such standards. Franchisors
may also require us to make certain capital improvements to maintain the hotel in accordance with
system standards, the cost of which can be substantial. It is possible that a franchisor could
condition the continuation of a franchise based on the completion of capital improvements that our
management or board of directors determines are too expensive or otherwise not economically
feasible in light of general economic conditions or the operating results or prospects of the
affected hotel. In that event, our management or board of directors may elect to allow the
franchise to lapse or be terminated, which could result in a change in brand franchising or
operation of the hotel as an independent hotel.
In addition, when the term of a franchise expires, the franchisor has no obligation to issue a
new franchise. The loss of a franchise could have a material adverse effect on the operations or
the underlying value of the affected hotel because of the loss of associated name recognition,
marketing support and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor. The loss of a
franchise could also have a material adverse effect on cash available for distribution to
stockholders.
Future terrorist attacks similar in nature to the events of September 11, 2001 may negatively
affect the performance of our properties, the hotel industry in general and our future results of
operations and financial condition.
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, their after-effects and the resulting U.S.-led
military action in Iraq substantially reduced business and leisure travel throughout the United
States and hotel industry revenue per available room, or RevPAR, generally during the period
following September 11, 2001. We cannot predict the extent to which additional terrorist attacks,
acts of war or similar events may occur in the future or how such events would directly or
indirectly impact the hotel industry or our operating results. Future terrorist attacks, acts of
war or similar events could have further material adverse effects on the hotel industry at large
and our operations in particular.
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Our investments will be concentrated in particular segments of a single industry.
Our entire business is hotel related. Our current investment strategy is to acquire or
develop upscale to upper-upscale hotels, acquire first mortgages on hotel properties, invest in
other mortgage-related instruments such as mezzanine loans to hotel owners and operators and
participate in hotel sale-leaseback transactions. Adverse conditions in the hotel industry will
have a material adverse effect on our operating and investment revenues and cash available for
distribution to our stockholders.
We rely on third party property managers, including Remington Lodging, to operate our hotels and
for a significant majority of our cash flow.
For us to continue to qualify as a REIT, third parties must operate our hotels. A REIT may
lease its hotels to taxable REIT subsidiaries in which the REIT can own up to a 100% interest. A
taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, pays corporate level income tax and may retain any after-tax
income. A REIT must satisfy certain conditions to use the TRS structure. One of those conditions
is that the TRS must hire, to manage the hotels, an eligible independent contractor (EIC) that
is actively engaged in the trade or business of managing hotels for parties other than the REIT.
An EIC cannot (i) own more than 35% of the REIT, (ii) be owned more than 35% by persons owning more
than 35% of the REIT or (iii) provide any income to the REIT (i.e., the EIC cannot pay fees to the
REIT, and the REIT cannot own any debt or equity securities of the EIC).
Accordingly, while we may lease hotels to a TRS that we own, the TRS must engage a third-party
operator to manage the hotels. Thus, our ability to direct and control how our hotels are operated
is less than if we were able to manage our hotels directly. We have entered into a management
agreement with Remington Lodging, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, to
manage 28 of our 73 lodging properties, and we have hired unaffiliated thirdparty property
managers to manage our remaining properties. We do not supervise any of the property managers or
their respective personnel on a day-to-day basis, and we cannot assure you that the property
managers will manage our properties in a manner that is consistent with their respective
obligations under the applicable management agreement or our obligations under our hotel franchise
agreements. We also cannot assure you that our property managers will not be negligent in their
performance, will not engage in other criminal or fraudulent activity, or will not otherwise
default on their respective management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, our
relationships with the franchisors may be damaged, we may be in breach of the franchise agreement,
and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to our property or to persons at our
properties. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our operating
results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
If we cannot obtain additional financing, our growth will be limited.
We are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income,
excluding net capital gains, each year to continue to qualify as a REIT. As a result, our retained
earnings available to fund acquisitions, development or other capital expenditures are nominal. As
such, we rely upon the availability of additional debt or equity capital to fund these activities.
Our long-term ability to grow through acquisitions or development of hotel-related assets will be
limited if we cannot obtain additional financing. Market conditions may make it difficult to
obtain financing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity
financing or that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms.
We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay our operating expenses and
to pay dividends to our stockholders.
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income each year to our
stockholders. We intend to distribute to our stockholders all or substantially all of our taxable
income each year so as to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to REITs, but our ability to make
distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. We
cannot assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the future. In the event of
continued or future downturns in our operating results and financial performance, unanticipated
capital improvements to our hotels or declines in the value of our mortgage portfolio, we may be
unable to declare or pay distributions to our stockholders. The timing and amount of distributions
are in the sole discretion of our
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board of directors, which will consider, among other factors, our financial performance, debt
service obligations applicable debt covenants, and capital expenditure requirements.
We are subject to various risks related to our use of, and dependence on, debt.
The interest we pay on variablerate debt increases as interest rates increase, which may
decrease cash available for distribution to stockholders. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to meet our debt service obligations. If we do not meet our debt service obligations, we risk
the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure. Changes in economic conditions or our
financial results or prospects could (i) result in higher interest rates on variablerate debt,
(ii) reduce the availability of debt financing generally or debt financing at favorable rates,
(iii) reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders and (iv) increase the risk that we
could be forced to liquidate assets to repay debt, any of which could have a material adverse
affect on us.
If we violate covenants in any debt agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion
of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such
repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of certain debt covenants may prohibit us
from borrowing unused amounts under our lines of credit, even if repayment of some or all the
borrowings is not required.
In any event, financial covenants under our current or future debt obligations could impair
our planned business strategies by limiting our ability to borrow beyond certain amounts or for
certain purposes.
Our governing instruments do not contain any limitation on our ability to incur indebtedness.
We compete with other hotels for guests. We also face competition for acquisitions of lodging
properties and of desirable mortgage investments.
The mid, upscale and upper-upscale segments of the hotel business are competitive. Our hotels
compete on the basis of location, room rates, quality, service levels, reputation and reservation
systems, among many other factors. New hotels may be constructed and these additions to supply
create new competitors, in some cases without corresponding increases in demand for hotel rooms.
The result in some cases may be lower revenue, which would result in lower cash available for
distribution to stockholders.
We compete for hotel acquisitions with entities that have similar investment objectives as we
do. This competition could limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us.
It may also increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell to us, making it more
difficult for us to acquire new properties on attractive terms or on the terms contemplated in our
business plan.
We also compete for mortgage asset investments with numerous public and private real estate
investment vehicles, such as mortgage banks, pension funds, other REITs, institutional investors
and individuals. Mortgages and other investments are often obtained through a competitive bidding
process. In addition, competitors may seek to establish relationships with the financial
institutions and other firms from which we intend to purchase such assets. Competition may result
in higher prices for mortgage assets, lower yields and a narrower spread of yields over our
borrowing costs.
Many of our competitors are larger than us, may have access to greater capital, marketing and
other resources, may have personnel with more experience than our officers, may be able to accept
higher levels of debt or otherwise may tolerate more risk than us, may have better relations with
hotel franchisors, sellers or lenders and may have other advantages over us in conducting certain
business and providing certain services.
We may engage in hedging transactions, which can limit our gains and increase exposure to losses.
We may enter into hedging transactions to protect (i) us from the effects of interest rate
fluctuations on floatingrate debt and (ii) our portfolio of mortgage assets from interest rate and
prepayment rate fluctuations. Our hedging transactions may include entering into interest rate
swap agreements or interest rate cap or floor agreements, purchasing or selling futures contracts,
purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying futures
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contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Hedging activities may not have the
desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. No hedging activity
can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment
rates. Moreover, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because,
among other things:
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Available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk
for which protection is sought. |
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The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability. |
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The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay. |
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The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an
extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction. |
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The value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in
accordance with generally accepted accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value.
Downward adjustments, or mark-to-market losses, would reduce our stockholders equity. |
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Hedging involves both risks and costs, including transaction costs, that may reduce our
overall returns on our investments. These costs increase as the period covered by the hedging
relationship increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. These costs will
also limit the amount of cash available for distributions to stockholders. We generally intend to
hedge as much of the interest rate risk as management determines is in our best interests given the
cost of such hedging transactions. The REIT qualification rules may limit our ability to enter
into hedging transactions by requiring us to limit our income from hedges. If we are unable to
hedge effectively because of the REIT rules, we will face greater interest rate exposure than may
be commercially prudent.
We may not be able to sell our investments on favorable terms.
We may decide to sell investments for a variety of reasons. We cannot assure you that we will
be able to sell any of our investments on favorable terms, or that our investments will not be sold
for a loss.
Risks Related to Hotel Investments
We are subject to general risks associated with operating hotels.
Our hotels and hotels underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans are subject to various
operating risks common to the hotel industry, many of which are beyond our control, including the
following:
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our hotels compete with other hotel properties in their geographic markets and many of
our competitors have substantial marketing and financial resources; |
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over-building in our markets, which adversely affects occupancy and revenues at our hotels; |
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dependence on business and commercial travelers and tourism; and |
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adverse effects of general, regional and local economic conditions and increases in
energy costs or labor costs and other expenses affecting travel, which may affect travel
patterns and reduce the number of business and commercial travelers and tourists. |
These factors could adversely affect our hotel revenues and expenses, as well as the hotels
underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans, which in turn would adversely affect our ability to
make distributions to our stockholders.
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We may have to make significant capital expenditures to maintain our lodging properties.
Our hotels have an ongoing need for renovations and other capital improvements, including
replacements of furniture, fixtures and equipment. Franchisors of our hotels may also require
periodic capital improvements as a condition of maintaining franchise licenses. Generally, we are
responsible for the cost of these capital improvements, which gives rise to the following risks:
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cost overruns and delays; |
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renovations can be disruptive to operations and can displace revenue at the hotels,
including revenue lost while rooms under renovation are out of service; |
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the cost of funding renovations and the possibility that financing for these renovations
may not be available on attractive terms; and |
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the risk that the return on our investment in these capital improvements will not be
what we expect. |
If we have insufficient cash flow from operations to fund needed capital expenditures, then we
will need to borrow to fund future capital improvements.
The hotel business is seasonal, which affects our results of operations from quarter to quarter.
The hotel industry is seasonal in nature. Generally, occupancy rates and hotel revenues are
greater in the second and third quarters than in the first and fourth quarters. This seasonality
can cause quarterly fluctuations in our revenues.
Our development activities may be more costly than we have anticipated.
As part of our growth strategy, we may develop additional hotels. Hotel development involves
substantial risks, including that:
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actual development costs may exceed our budgeted or contracted amounts; |
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construction delays may prevent us from opening hotels on schedule; |
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we may not be able to obtain all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy and
construction permits; |
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our developed properties may not achieve our desired revenue or profit goals; and |
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we may incur substantial development costs and then have to abandon a development
project before completion. |
Risks Relating to Investments in Mortgages and Mezzanine Loans
Mortgage investments that are not United States government insured and non-investment grade
mortgage assets involve risk of loss.
As part of our business strategy, we originate and acquire lodging-related uninsured and
non-investment grade mortgage loans and mortgage assets, including mezzanine loans. While holding
these interests, we are subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud and related
losses and special hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance. Also, costs of
financing the mortgage loans could exceed returns on the mortgage loans. In the event of any
default under mortgage loans held by us, we will bear the risk of loss of principal and non-payment
of interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral
and the principal amount of the mortgage loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to
our investments in mortgage loans, our value and the price of our securities may be adversely
affected.
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We invest in non-recourse loans, which will limit our recovery to the value of the mortgaged
property.
Our mortgage loan assets are generally non-recourse. With respect to our non-recourse
mortgage loan assets, in the event of a borrower default, the specific mortgaged property and other
assets, if any, pledged to secure the relevant mortgage loan, may be less than the amount owed
under the mortgage loan. As to those mortgage loan assets that provide for recourse against the
borrower and its assets generally, we cannot assure you that the recourse will provide a recovery
in respect of a defaulted mortgage loan greater than the liquidation value of the mortgaged
property securing that mortgage loan.
Investment yields affect our decision whether to originate or purchase investments and the price
offered for such investments.
In making any investment, we consider the expected yield of the investment and the factors
that may influence the yield actually obtained on such investment. These considerations affect our
decision whether to originate or purchase an investment and the price offered for that investment.
No assurances can be given that we can make an accurate assessment of the yield to be produced by
an investment. Many factors beyond our control are likely to influence the yield on the
investments, including, but not limited to, competitive conditions in the local real estate market,
local and general economic conditions and the quality of management of the underlying property.
Our inability to accurately assess investment yields may result in our purchasing assets that do
not perform as well as expected, which may adversely affect the price of our securities.
Volatility of values of mortgaged properties may adversely affect our mortgage loans.
Lodging property values and net operating income derived from lodging properties are subject
to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including the risk factors
described in this prospectus relating to general economic conditions, operating lodging properties
and owning real estate investments. In the event its net operating income decreases, a borrower
may have difficulty paying our mortgage loan, which could result in losses to us. In addition,
decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds
available to a borrower to repay our mortgage loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Mezzanine loans involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by income producing
properties.
We make and acquire mezzanine loans. These types of mortgage loans are considered to involve
a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real
property due to a variety of factors, including the loan being entirely unsecured or, if secured,
becoming unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. We may not recover some or all
of our investment in these loans. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value
ratios than conventional mortgage loans resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the
risk of loss of principal.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Mortgage debt obligations expose us to increased risk of property losses, which could harm our
financial condition, cash flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations and pay dividends.
Incurring mortgage debt increases our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness
secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our
loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. For tax purposes, a
foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase
price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding
balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would
recognize taxable income on the foreclosure but would not receive any cash proceeds. As a result,
we may be required to identify and utilize other sources of cash for distributions to our
stockholders of that income.
In addition, our default under any one of our mortgage debt obligations may result in a
default on our other indebtedness. If this occurs, our financial condition, cash flow and ability
to satisfy our other debt obligations or ability to pay dividends may be harmed.
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Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse
changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to promptly sell one or
more properties or mortgage loans in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and
investment conditions is limited. The real estate market is affected by many factors that are
beyond our control, including:
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adverse changes in national and local economic and market conditions; |
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changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of debt financing; |
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning and other
ordinances and costs of compliance with laws and regulations; |
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the ongoing need for capital improvements, particularly in older structures; |
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changes in operating expenses; and |
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civil unrest, acts of war and natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods, which
may result in uninsured and underinsured losses. |
We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property or loan for the price or on the
terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be
acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and
to close the sale of a property or loan. Because we intend to offer more flexible terms on our
mortgage loans than some providers of commercial mortgage loans, we may have more difficulty
selling or participating our loans to secondary purchasers than would these more traditional
lenders.
We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a
property can be sold. We cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those
defects or to make those improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to lock-out
provisions that materially restrict us from selling that property for a period of time or impose
other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that
property. These factors and any others that would impede our ability to respond to adverse changes
in the performance of our properties could have a material adverse effect on our operating results
and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
The costs of compliance with or liabilities under environmental laws may harm our operating
results.
Our properties and properties underlying our loan assets may be subject to environmental
liabilities. An owner of real property, or a lender with respect to a property that exercises
control over the property, can face liability for environmental contamination created by the
presence or discharge of hazardous substances on the property. We may face liability regardless
of:
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our knowledge of the contamination; |
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the timing of the contamination; |
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the cause of the contamination; or |
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the party responsible for the contamination. |
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There may be environmental problems associated with our properties or properties underlying
our loan assets of which we are unaware. Some of our properties or the properties underlying our
loan assets use, or may have used in the past, underground tanks for the storage of petroleum-based
or waste products that could create a potential for release of hazardous substances. If
environmental contamination exists on a property, we could
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become subject to strict, joint and several liability for the contamination if we own the
property or if we foreclose on the property or otherwise have control over the property.
The presence of hazardous substances on a property we own or have made a loan with respect to
may adversely affect our ability to sell or foreclose on the property, and we may incur substantial
remediation costs. The discovery of environmental liabilities attached to our properties or
properties underlying our loan assets could have a material adverse effect on our results of
operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We have environmental insurance policies on each of our owned properties, and we intend to
obtain environmental insurance for any other properties that we may acquire. However, if
environmental liabilities are discovered during the underwriting of the insurance policies for any
property that we may acquire in the future, we may be unable to obtain insurance coverage for the
liabilities at commercially reasonable rates or at all, and we may experience losses. In addition,
we generally do not require our borrowers to obtain environmental insurance on the properties they
own that secure their loans from us.
Our properties and the properties underlying our mortgage loans may contain or develop harmful
mold, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating the
problem.
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may
occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period
of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern about indoor exposure to
mold has been increasing as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and
symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold at
any of our properties or the properties underlying our loan assets could require us or our
borrowers to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected
property. In addition, the presence of significant mold could expose us or our borrowers to
liability from guests, employees and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may
require us or our borrowers to make unintended expenditures that adversely impact our operating
results.
All of our properties and properties underlying our mortgage loans are required to comply with
the Americans with Disabilities Act, or the ADA. The ADA requires that public accommodations
such as hotels be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA
requirements could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition
of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. We or our
borrowers may be required to expend funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA at our hotels or
hotels underlying our loan assets, which could adversely affect our results of operations and
financial condition and our ability to make distributions to stockholders. In addition, we and our
borrowers are required to operate our properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations,
building codes and other land use regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and
bodies and become applicable to our properties. We and our borrowers may be required to make
substantial capital expenditures to comply with those requirements, and these expenditures could
have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well as our
ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses.
We have property and casualty insurance with respect to our properties and other insurance, in
each case, with loss limits and coverage thresholds deemed reasonable by our management (and with
the intent to satisfy the requirements of lenders and franchisors). In doing so, we have made
decisions with respect to what deductibles, policy limits and terms are reasonable based on
managements experience, our risk profile, the loss history of our property managers and our
properties, the nature of our properties and our businesses, our loss prevention efforts and the
cost of insurance.
Various types of catastrophic losses may not be insurable or may not be economically
insurable. In the event of a substantial loss, our insurance coverage may not cover the full
current market value or replacement cost of our lost investment. Inflation, changes in building
codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other
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factors might cause insurance proceeds to be insufficient to fully replace or renovate a hotel
after it has been damaged or destroyed. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that (i) the
insurance coverage thresholds that we have obtained will fully protect us against insurable losses
(i.e., losses may exceed coverage limits); (ii) we will not incur large deductibles that will
adversely affect our earnings; (iii) we will not incur losses from risks that are not insurable or
that are not economically insurable; or (iv) current coverage thresholds will continue to be
available at reasonable rates. In the future, we may choose not to maintain terrorism insurance on
any of our properties. As a result, one or more large uninsured or underinsured losses could have
a material adverse affect on us.
Each of our current lenders requires us to maintain certain insurance coverage thresholds, and
we anticipate that future lenders will have similar requirements. We believe that we have complied
with the insurance maintenance requirements under the current governing loan documents and we
intend to comply with any such requirements in any future loan documents. However, a lender may
disagree, in which case the lender could obtain additional coverage thresholds and seek payment
from us, or declare us in default under the loan documents. In the former case, we could spend
more for insurance than we otherwise deem reasonable or necessary, or, in the latter case, subject
us to a foreclosure on hotels collateralizing one or more loans. In addition, a material casualty
to one or more hotels collateralizing loans may result in (i) the insurance company applying to the
outstanding loan balance insurance proceeds that otherwise would be available to repair the damage
caused by the casualty, which would require us to fund the repairs through other sources, or (ii)
the lender foreclosing on the hotels if there is a material loss that is not insured.
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
If we do not qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax as a regular corporation and face
substantial tax liability.
We conduct operations so as to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However,
qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue
Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or administrative interpretations
exist. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, new
tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with
retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. If we
fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:
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we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which, among other things, means
being unable to deduct distributions to stockholders in computing taxable income and being
subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates; |
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we would also be subject to federal alternative minimum tax and, possibly, increased
state and local taxes; |
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any resulting tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash
available for distribution to stockholders; and |
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unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be
disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the
year during which we lost our qualification, and, thus, our cash available for distribution
to stockholders would be reduced for each of the years that we did not qualify as a REIT. |
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If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will not be required to make distributions to stockholders
to maintain our tax status. As a result of all of these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT
would impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business and make distributions to our
stockholders and would adversely affect the value of our securities.
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal,
state and local taxes on our income and assets. For example:
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We will be required to pay tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. |
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We may be required to pay the alternative minimum tax on our items of tax preference. |
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If we have net income from the disposition of foreclosure property held primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from
foreclosure property, we must pay tax on that income at the highest corporate rate. |
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If we sell a property in a prohibited transaction, our gain from the sale would be
subject to a 100% penalty tax. A prohibited transaction would be a sale of property,
other than a foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of business. |
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Our taxable REIT subsidiaries, including Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI
Corporation, are fully taxable corporations and will be required to pay federal and state
taxes on their income. |
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests
concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our
assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be
required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have
funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder
our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge mortgage
securities and related borrowings by requiring us to limit our income in each year from qualified
hedges, together with any other income not generated from qualified real estate assets, to no more
than 25% of our gross income. In addition, we must limit our aggregate income from nonqualified
hedging transactions, from our provision of services and from other non-qualifying sources to no
more than 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we may have to limit our use of advantageous
hedging techniques. This could result in greater risks associated with changes in interest rates
than we would otherwise want to incur. If we were to violate the 25% or 5% limitations, we may
have to pay a penalty tax equal to the amount of income in excess of those limitations, multiplied
by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. If we fail to satisfy the REIT gross income
tests, unless our failure was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we could lose
our REIT status for federal income tax purposes.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least
75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified
REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government
securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the
outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the
outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of
our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the
securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total securities can be
represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with
these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days
after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax
consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow to make distributions to stockholders.
As a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable income (subject to certain
adjustments) to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but
distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax
on our undistributed taxable income. In addition,
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we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to
our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income for financial
reporting purposes due to, among other things, amortization of capitalized purchase premiums, or
our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders.
If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds,
sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make
distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the
distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular
year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market
price of our securities.
At any time, the federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations
of those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect
retroactively and could adversely affect us or you as a stockholder. On May 28, 2003, the
President signed the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which we refer to as
the Jobs and Growth Tax Act. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002, the
Jobs and Growth Tax Act reduced the maximum rate of tax applicable to individuals on dividend
income from regular C corporations from 38.6% to 15.0%. This reduced substantially the so-called
double taxation (that is, taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that has
generally applied to corporations that are not taxed as REITs. Generally, dividends from REITs
will not qualify for the dividend tax reduction. The implementation of the Jobs and Growth Tax Act
could ultimately cause individual investors to view stocks of non-REIT corporations as more
attractive relative to shares of REITs than was the case previously because the dividends paid by
non-REIT corporations would be subject to lower tax rates for the individual. We cannot predict
whether in fact this will occur or whether, if it occurs, what the impact will be on the value of
our securities.
Your investment in our securities has various federal, state and local income tax risks that could
affect the value of your investment.
Although the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relevant to your investment in our
securities are generally described in Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT, we
strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor concerning the effects of federal, state and
local income tax law on an investment in our securities, because of the complex nature of the tax
rules applicable to REITs and their stockholders.
Risk Factors Related to Our Corporate Structure
There are no assurances of our ability to make distributions in the future.
We intend to continue paying quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our stockholders
in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to
certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify
for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, our ability to
pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. All
distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our
earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as our
board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our ability to
pay dividends in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of
capital.
Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment Company Act would adversely affect our results
of operations.
We believe that we will conduct our business in a manner that allows us to avoid registration
as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. Under Section
3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, entities that are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or
otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate are not treated as
investment companies. The SEC staffs position
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generally requires us to maintain at least 55% of our assets directly in qualifying real
estate interests to be able to rely on this exemption. To constitute a qualifying real estate
interest under this 55% requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria. Mortgage
securities that do not represent all of the certificates issued with respect to an underlying pool
of mortgages may be treated as securities separate from the underlying mortgage loans and, thus,
may not qualify for purposes of the 55% requirement. Our ownership of these mortgage securities,
therefore, is limited by the provisions of the 1940 Act and SEC staff interpretive positions.
There are no assurances that efforts to pursue our intended investment program will not be
adversely affected by operation of these rules.
Our charter does not permit ownership in excess of 9.8% of our capital stock, and attempts to
acquire our capital stock in excess of the 9.8% limit without approval from our board of directors
are void.
For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or
constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value
of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number
or value of the outstanding shares of our preferred stock unless our board of directors grants a
waiver. Our charters constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause the outstanding stock
owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one
individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of the outstanding stock by
an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of
9.8% of the outstanding stock, and thus be subject to our charters ownership limit. Any attempt
to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred stock in excess of the ownership limit without
the consent of the board of directors will be void, and could result in the shares being
automatically transferred to a charitable trust.
Because provisions contained in Maryland law and our charter may have an anti-takeover effect,
investors may be prevented from receiving a control premium for their shares.
Provisions contained in our charter and Maryland general corporation law may have effects that
delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt, which may prevent stockholders from receiving a
control premium for their shares. For example, these provisions may defer or prevent tender
offers for our common stock or purchases of large blocks of our common stock, thereby limiting the
opportunities for our stockholders to receive a premium for their common stock over then-prevailing
market prices. These provisions include the following:
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Ownership limit: The ownership limit in our charter limits related investors, including,
among other things, any voting group, from acquiring over 9.8% of our common stock without
our permission. |
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Classification of preferred stock: Our charter authorizes our board of directors to
issue preferred stock in one or more classes and to establish the preferences and rights of
any class of preferred stock issued. These actions can be taken without soliciting
stockholder approval. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying or
preventing someone from taking control of us, even if a change in control were in our
stockholders best interests. |
Maryland statutory law provides that an act of a director relating to or affecting an
acquisition or a potential acquisition of control of a corporation may not be subject to a higher
duty or greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act of a director. Hence, directors of a
Maryland corporation are not required to act in takeover situations under the same standards as
apply in Delaware and other corporate jurisdictions.
Offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock and any preferred stock
upon liquidation, or equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be
senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend distributions, may adversely affect the
market price of our common stock and any preferred stock.
This prospectus contemplates the offering of debt securities as well as preferred stock.
Additionally, in the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional
offerings of debt or equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or
subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock or classes of preferred units.
Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities or preferred units and lenders with respect to
other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of
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shares of preferred stock or common stock, and holders of our debt securities and shares of
preferred stock or preferred units and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a
distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity
offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our
common or preferred stock, or both. Our preferred stock or preferred units, if issued, could have a
preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our
ability to make a dividend distribution to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to
issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond
our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our
securities and diluting their securities holdings in us.
Securities eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on the market price of our securities.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of securities, or the availability of
securities for future sales, on the market price of our outstanding securities. Sales of
substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that these sales could occur, may adversely
affect prevailing market prices for our securities.
We also may issue from time to time additional securities or units of our operating
partnership in connection with the acquisition of properties and we may grant additional demand or
piggyback registration rights in connection with these issuances. Sales of substantial amounts of
our securities or the perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing
market price for our securities or may impair our ability to raise capital through a sale of
additional debt or equity securities.
We depend on key personnel with long-standing business relationships. The loss of key personnel
could threaten our ability to operate our business successfully.
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued services of our
management team. In particular, the lodging industry experience of Messrs. Archie and Montgomery
Bennett, Kessler, Brooks, Kimichik and Nunneley and the extent and nature of the relationships they
have developed with hotel franchisors, operators and owners and hotel lending and other financial
institutions are critically important to the success of our business. We do not maintain
keyperson life insurance on any of our officers. Although these officers currently have
employment agreements with us, we cannot assure you of the continued employment of all of our
officers. The loss of services of one or more members of our corporate management team could harm
our business and our prospects.
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our
securities.
A factor investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our
dividend rate as a percentage of our share or unit price, relative to market interest rates. If
market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher dividend or interest rate
on our securities or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our
securities is likely based on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and
income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from
the market value or underlying appraised value of the properties or investments themselves. As a
result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our
securities. For instance, if interest rates rise without an increase in our dividend rate, the
market price of our common or preferred stock could decrease because potential investors may
require a higher dividend yield on our common or preferred stock as market rates on
interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise. In addition, rising interest rates would result
in increased interest expense on our variablerate debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flow and
our ability to service our indebtedness and pay dividends.
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Our major policies, including our policies and practices with respect to investments, financing,
growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions, are determined by our board of
directors. Although we have no present intention to do so, our board of directors may amend or
revise these and other policies from time to time without a vote of our stockholders. Accordingly,
our stockholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and the changes could harm
our business, results of operations and share price.
Changes in our strategy or investment or leverage policy could expose us to greater credit
risk and interest rate risk or could result in a more leveraged balance sheet. We cannot predict
the effect any changes to our current operating policies and strategies may have on our business,
operating results and stock price. However, the effects may be adverse.
USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, we expect to use the net proceeds from
the sale of these securities for general corporate purposes.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND
EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
Our historical ratio of earnings to fixed charges and our ratio of earnings to combined fixed
charges and preferred stock dividends for the three months ended March 31, 2006 and for each of the
years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 are set forth below. The
amount of coverage deficiency between earning and fixed charges for
the period August 29, 2003 to December 31, 2003 was
$1,843,084, and we had no preferred stock outstanding during that
period.
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Three Months |
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Ended March 31, |
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Year Ended December 31, |
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2006 |
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2005 |
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2004 |
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges |
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1.52 |
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1.08 |
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1.21 |
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Ratio of earnings to combined
fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends |
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1.24 |
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* |
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1.08 |
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* The
amount of coverage deficiency for this period was $6,362,528.
For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges and of earnings to combined
fixed charges and preferred stock dividends and the amount of coverage deficiency, earnings have
been calculated by adding fixed charges, excluding capitalized interest, to income (loss) from
continuing operations before income taxes, gains or losses on property sales and (if applicable)
minority interest in our operating partnership. Fixed charges consist (if applicable) of interest
costs, whether expensed or capitalized, the interest component of rental expense and amortization
of debt issuance costs and excludes write-off of debt issuance costs related to early termination
of debt and loss on debt extinguishment.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK
General
We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. Rights of our stockholders are
governed by the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. The
following is a summary of the material provisions of our capital stock. Copies of our charter and
bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See
Where You Can Find More Information.
Authorized Stock
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 200 million shares of voting common stock, par
value $.01 per share, and 50 million shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share.
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Power to Issue Additional Shares of Our Common Stock and Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to issue
additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or
reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to
issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock provides us with flexibility in structuring
possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The
additional classes or series, as well as the common stock, will be available for issuance without
further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder consent is required by applicable law or the
rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or
traded. Although our board of directors does not intend to do so, it could authorize us to issue an
additional class or series of stock that could, depending upon the terms of the particular class or
series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might
involve a premium price for our stockholders or otherwise be in their best interest.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or Code, not more than
50% of the value of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, actually or constructively,
by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last
half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made
by us). In addition, if we, or one or more owners (actually or constructively) of 10% or more of
us, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of a tenant of ours (or a tenant of any partnership
in which we are a partner), the rent received by us (either directly or through any such
partnership) from such tenant will not be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income
tests of the Code. Our stock must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least
335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year
(other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our capital stock that are
intended to assist us in complying with these requirements and continuing to qualify as a REIT. The
relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to the exceptions described below, no person
or persons acting as a group may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions
of the Code, more than (i) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of shares of our common stock
outstanding or (ii) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of the issued and outstanding
preferred or other shares of any class or series of our stock. We refer to this restriction as the
ownership limit.
The ownership attribution rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually
or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by
one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our common stock (or
the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our common
stock) by an individual or entity, could, nevertheless cause that individual or entity, or another
individual or entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and
thereby subject the common stock to the ownership limit.
Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the ownership limit with respect to
one or more stockholders who would not be treated as individuals for purposes of the Code if it
determines that such ownership will not cause any individuals beneficial ownership of shares of
our capital stock to jeopardize our status as a REIT (for example, by causing any tenant of ours to
be considered a related party tenant for purposes of the REIT qualification rules).
As a condition of our waiver, our board of directors may require an opinion of counsel or IRS
ruling satisfactory to our board of directors, and/or representations or undertakings from the
applicant with respect to preserving our REIT status.
In connection with the waiver of the ownership limit or at any other time, our board of
directors may decrease the ownership limit for all other persons and entities; provided, however,
that the decreased ownership limit will not be effective for any person or entity whose percentage
ownership in our capital stock is in excess of such decreased ownership limit until such time as
such person or entitys percentage of our capital stock equals or
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falls below the decreased ownership limit, but any further acquisition of our capital stock in
excess of such percentage ownership of our capital stock will be in violation of the ownership
limit. Additionally, the new ownership limit may not allow five or fewer individuals (as defined
for purposes of the REIT ownership restrictions under the Code) to beneficially own more than 49.0%
of the value of our outstanding capital stock.
Our charter provisions further prohibit:
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any person from actually or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that
would result in us being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise
cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
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any person from transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result
in shares of our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons (determined
without reference to any rules of attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership
of shares of our common stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on
transferability and ownership will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with
such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our
status as a REIT. The foregoing provisions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our
board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to qualify, or to continue
to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, if any purported transfer of our capital stock or any other event
would otherwise result in any person violating the ownership limits or the other restrictions in
our charter, then any such purported transfer will be void and of no force or effect with respect
to the purported transferee or owner (collectively referred to hereinafter as the purported
owner) as to that number of shares in excess of the ownership limit (rounded up to the nearest
whole share). The number of shares in excess of the ownership limit will be automatically
transferred to, and held by, a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable
organizations selected by us. The trustee of the trust will be designated by us and must be
unaffiliated with us and with any purported owner. The automatic transfer will be effective as of
the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the violative transfer or other
event that results in a transfer to the trust. Any dividend or other distribution paid to the
purported owner, prior to our discovery that the shares had been automatically transferred to a
trust as described above, must be repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to the
beneficiary of the trust and all dividends and other distributions paid by us with respect to such
excess shares prior to the sale by the trustee of such shares shall be paid to the trustee for
the beneficiary. If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective,
for any reason, to prevent violation of the applicable ownership limit, then our charter provides
that the transfer of the excess shares will be void. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the
date that such excess shares have been transferred to the trust, the trustee shall have the
authority (at the trustees sole discretion and subject to applicable law) (i) to rescind as void
any vote cast by a purported owner prior to our discovery that such shares have been transferred to
the trust and (ii) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the
benefit of the beneficiary of the trust, provided that if we have already taken irreversible
action, then the trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote.
Shares of our capital stock transferred to the trustee are deemed offered for sale to us, or
our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the purported owner
for the shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a
purchase of such shares of our capital stock at market price, the market price on the day of the
event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the
market price on the date we, or our designee, accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such
offer until the trustee has sold the shares of our capital stock held in the trust pursuant to the
clauses discussed below. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the
shares sold terminates and the trustee must distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the
purported owner and any dividends or other distributions held by the trustee with respect to such
capital stock will be paid to the charitable beneficiary.
If we do not buy the shares, the trustee must, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of
the transfer of shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the
trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits. After that, the trustee
must distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the
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lesser of (i) the net price paid by the purported owner for the shares (or, if the event which
resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase of such shares at market price,
the market price on the day of the event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our
capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the net sales proceeds received by the trust for the shares.
Any proceeds in excess of the amount distributable to the purported owner will be distributed to
the beneficiary.
Our charter also provides that Benefit Plan Investors (as defined in our charter) may not
hold, individually or in the aggregate, 25% or more of the value of any class or series of shares
of our capital stock to the extent such class or series does not constitute Publicly Offered
Securities (as defined in our charter).
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, more
than 5% (or such other percentage as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Code) of the
lesser of the number or value of the shares of our outstanding capital stock must give written
notice to us within 30 days after the end of each calendar year. In addition, each stockholder
will, upon demand, be required to disclose to us in writing such information with respect to the
direct, indirect and constructive ownership of shares of our stock as our board of directors deems
reasonably necessary to comply with the provisions of the Code applicable to a REIT, to comply with
the requirements or any taxing authority or governmental agency or to determine any such
compliance.
All certificates representing shares of our capital stock bear a legend referring to the
restrictions described above.
These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of
our company that might involve a premium price over the then prevailing market price for the
holders of some, or a majority, of our outstanding shares of common stock or which such holders
might believe to be otherwise in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and preferred stock is Computershare
Trust Company, N.A.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR COMMON STOCK
The following description of our common stock sets forth certain general terms and provisions
of our common stock to which any prospectus supplement may relate, including a prospectus
supplement providing that common stock will be issuable upon conversion or exchange of our debt
securities or preferred stock or upon the exercise of warrants to purchase our common stock.
All shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus will be duly authorized, fully paid
and nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to
the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of
our common stock are entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if authorized by our
board of directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably
in the assets of our company legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the event of
our liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision for all known
debts and liabilities of our company, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any class
or classes of preferred stock.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, each
outstanding share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a
vote of stockholders, including the election of directors and, except as provided with respect to
any other class or series of stock, the holders of such shares will possess the exclusive voting
power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors, which means that
the holders of a plurality of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all of the
directors then standing for election and the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to
elect any directors.
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Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund,
redemption or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our
company. Subject to the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock,
shares of our common stock will have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge,
consolidate, transfer all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share exchange
or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless declared advisable
by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least
two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not less
than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the
corporations charter. Our charter does not provide for a lesser percentage for these matters.
However, Maryland law permits a corporation to transfer all or substantially all of its assets
without the approval of the stockholders of the corporation to one or more persons if all of the
equity interests of the person or persons are owned, directly or indirectly, by the corporation.
Because operating assets may be held by a corporations subsidiaries, as in our situation, this may
mean that a subsidiary of a corporation can transfer all of its assets without a vote of the
corporations stockholders.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any unissued shares of our common
stock into other classes or series of classes of stock and to establish the number of shares in
each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or
conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR PREFERRED STOCK
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any unissued shares of preferred
stock and to reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of any series. Prior to
issuance of shares of each series, our board of directors is required by the MGCL and our charter
to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations
as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for
each such series. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred
stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a
transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of
our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. As of the date hereof, 2,300,000 shares of
Series A Preferred Stock and 7,447,865 shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are outstanding. Our
preferred stock will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and will not have, or be subject
to, any preemptive or similar rights.
The prospectus supplement relating to the series of preferred stock offered by that supplement
will describe the specific terms of those securities, including:
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the title and stated value of that preferred stock; |
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the number of shares of that preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference per
share and the offering price of that preferred stock; |
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the dividend rate(s), period(s) and payment date(s) or method(s) of calculation thereof
applicable to that preferred stock; |
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whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date
from which dividends on that preferred stock will accumulate; |
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the voting rights applicable to that preferred stock; |
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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for that preferred stock; |
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the provisions for a sinking fund, if any, for that preferred stock; |
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the provisions for redemption including any restriction thereon, if applicable, of that preferred stock; |
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any listing of that preferred stock on any securities exchange; |
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the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which that preferred stock will be
convertible into shares of our common stock, including the conversion price (or manner of
calculation of the conversion price) and conversion period; |
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a discussion of federal income tax considerations applicable to that preferred stock; |
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any limitations on issuance of any series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a
parity with that series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
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in addition to those limitations described above under DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer, any other limitations on actual and constructive
ownership and restrictions on transfer, in each case as may be appropriate to preserve our
status as a REIT; and |
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or restrictions of that
preferred stock. |
Rank
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will,
with respect to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our
affairs rank:
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senior to all classes or series of common stock and to all equity securities ranking
junior to the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
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on a parity with all equity securities issued by us the terms of which specifically
provide that those equity securities rank on a parity with the preferred stock with
respect to dividend rights or rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our
affairs; and |
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junior to all equity securities issued by us the terms of which specifically provide
that those equity securities rank senior to the preferred stock with respect to dividend
rights or rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs. |
The term equity securities does not include convertible debt securities.
Dividends
Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to the provisions
of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of our preferred
stock will be entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if authorized by our board
of directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us, at rates and on dates as
will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Dividends on any series or class of our preferred stock may be cumulative or noncumulative, as
provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. Dividends, if cumulative, will be cumulative from
and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. If our board of directors
fails to authorize a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any series or class of
preferred stock for which dividends are noncumulative, then the holders of that series or class of
preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend in respect of the dividend period ending
on that dividend payment date, and we will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued for that
period, whether or not dividends on such series or class are declared or paid for any future
period.
If any shares of preferred stock of any series or class are outstanding, no dividends may be
authorized or paid or set apart for payment on the preferred stock of any other series or class
ranking, as to dividends, on a parity with or junior to the preferred stock of that series or class
for any period unless:
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the series or class of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, and full cumulative
dividends have been or contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a sum
sufficient for the payment of those dividends is set apart for payment on the preferred
stock of that series or class for all past dividend periods and the then current dividend
period; or |
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the series or class of preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, and full
dividends for the then current dividend period have been or contemporaneously are
authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment of those dividends
is set apart for the payment on the preferred stock of that series or class. |
When dividends are not paid in full (or a sum sufficient for the full payment is not set
apart) upon the shares of preferred stock of any series or class and the shares of any other series
or class of preferred stock ranking on a parity as to dividends with the preferred stock of that
series or class, then all dividends authorized on shares of preferred stock of that series or class
and any other series or class of preferred stock ranking on a parity as to dividends with that
preferred stock shall be authorized pro rata so that the amount of dividends authorized per share
on the preferred stock of that series or class and other series or class of preferred stock will in
all cases bear to each other the same ratio that accrued dividends per share on the shares of
preferred stock of that series or class (which will not include any accumulation in respect of
unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if the preferred stock does not have a cumulative
dividend) and that other series or class of preferred stock bear to each other. No interest, or sum
of money in lieu of interest, will be payable in respect of any dividend payment or payments on
preferred stock of that series or class that may be in arrears.
Redemption
We may have the right or may be required to redeem one or more series of preferred stock, in
whole or in part, in each case upon the terms, if any, and at the time and at the redemption prices
set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
If a series of preferred stock is subject to mandatory redemption, we will specify in the
applicable prospectus supplement the number of shares we are required to redeem, when those
redemptions start, the redemption price, and any other terms and conditions affecting the
redemption. The redemption price will include all accrued and unpaid dividends, except in the case
of noncumulative preferred stock. The redemption price may be payable in cash or other property, as
specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for preferred stock of
any series or class is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of our stock, the terms
of that preferred stock may provide that, if no such stock shall have been issued or to the extent
the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price
then due, that preferred stock shall automatically and mandatorily be converted into shares of our
applicable stock pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement.
Liquidation Preference
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation or dissolution of us or winding up of our
affairs, then, before any distribution or payment will be made to the holders of common stock or
any other series or class of stock ranking junior to any series or class of the preferred stock in
the distribution of assets upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the
holders of that series or class of preferred stock will be entitled to receive out of our assets
legally available for distribution to shareholders liquidating distributions in the amount of the
liquidation preference per share (set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement), plus an
amount equal to all dividends accrued and unpaid on the preferred stock (which will not include any
accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if the preferred stock does
not have a cumulative dividend). After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions
to which they are entitled, the holders of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of
our remaining assets.
If, upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the legally
available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all
outstanding shares of any series or class of preferred stock and the corresponding amounts payable
on all shares of other classes or series of our stock of
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ranking on a parity with that series or class of preferred stock in the distribution of assets
upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, then the holders of that series or class of preferred
stock and all other classes or series of capital stock will share ratably in any distribution of
assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be
respectively entitled.
If liquidating distributions have been made in full to all holders of any series or class of
preferred stock, our remaining assets will be distributed among the holders of any other classes or
series of stock ranking junior to that series or class of preferred stock upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, according to their respective rights and preferences and in each case
according to their respective number of shares. For these purposes, the consolidation or merger of
us with or into any other entity, or the sale, lease, transfer or conveyance of all or
substantially all of our property or business, will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs.
Voting Rights
Holders of preferred stock will not have any voting rights, except as set forth below or as
indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless provided otherwise for any series or class of preferred stock, so long as any shares of
preferred stock of a series or class remain outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote
or consent of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of that series or class of preferred
stock outstanding at the time, given in person or by proxy, either in writing or at a meeting (such
series or class voting separately as a class):
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authorize or create, or increase the authorized or issued amount of, any class or
series of stock ranking prior to that series or class of preferred stock with respect to
payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or
winding up or reclassify any authorized stock into any of those shares, or create,
authorize or issue any obligation or security convertible into or evidencing the right to
purchase any of those shares; or |
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amend, alter or repeal the provisions of our charter or articles supplementary for such
series or class of preferred stock, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as
to materially and adversely affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of
that series or class of preferred stock or the holders of the preferred stock. |
However, any increase in the amount of the authorized preferred stock or the creation or
issuance of any other series or class of preferred stock, or any increase in the amount of
authorized shares of such series or class or any other series or class of preferred stock, in each
case ranking on a parity with or junior to the preferred stock of that series or class with respect
to payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up,
will not be deemed to materially and adversely affect such rights, preferences, privileges or
voting powers.
These voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect
to which that vote would otherwise be required will be effected, all outstanding shares of that
series or class of preferred stock have been redeemed or called for redemption upon proper notice
and sufficient funds have been deposited in trust to effect that redemption.
Conversion Rights
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which shares of any series or class of preferred stock
are convertible into shares of common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. The terms will include:
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the number of shares of common stock into which the preferred stock is convertible; |
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the conversion price (or manner of calculation of the conversion price); |
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the conversion period; |
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provisions as to whether conversion will be at the option of the holders of the preferred stock or us, |
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the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price; and |
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provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption of the preferred stock. |
Series A Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated 3,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred
Stock, of which 2,300,000 shares are currently outstanding. The Series A Preferred Stock generally
provides for the following rights, preferences and obligations.
Dividend Rights. The Series A Preferred Stock accrues a cumulative cash dividend at an annual
rate of 8.55% on the $25.00 per share liquidation preference.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of our company, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive a liquidation
preference of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not
earned or declared), before any payment or distribution will be made or set aside for holders of
any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. The Series A Preferred Stock is not redeemable prior to September 22,
2009, except in certain limited circumstances relating to our ability to qualify as a REIT. On and
after September 22, 2009, we may redeem Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or from time to time in
part, at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of the liquidation preference plus all accrued and
unpaid dividends to the date fixed for redemption. The Series A Preferred Stock has no stated
maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions.
Voting Rights. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights, except in
certain circumstances when our board of directors will be expanded by two seats and the holders of
Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect these two directors. In addition, the issuance
of senior shares or certain changes to the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock that would be
materially adverse to the rights of holders of Series A Preferred Stock cannot be made without the
affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and
shares of any class or series of shares ranking on a parity with the Series A Preferred Stock which
are entitled to similar voting rights, if any, voting as a single class.
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. The Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible or
exchangeable for any of our other securities or property, and holders of shares of our Series A
Preferred Stock have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company.
Series B-1 Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated 7,447,865 shares of Series B-1 Preferred
Stock, all of which are currently outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred Stock generally provides
for the following rights, preferences and obligations.
Dividend Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative
cash dividends equal to the greater of $0.14 per share or the prevailing common stock dividend.
Additionally, if we breach certain contractual obligations we have to the holders of the Series B-1
Preferred Stock or if we fail to pay dividends on the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for four quarterly
dividend periods, the holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to an additional
dividend equal to $0.05015 per share.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of our company, the holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive a liquidation
preference of $10.07 per share, plus an amount equal to all accumulated, accrued and unpaid
dividends (whether or not earned or declared) to
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the date of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of our company, before any
payment or distribution will be made to or set apart for the holders of any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. We have certain limited redemption rights with respect to the Series
B-1 Preferred Stock from June 15, 2007 through June 15, 2008 (based on the trading price of our
common stock) and full redemption rights thereafter. Any such redemption will be made at a
redemption price equal to the liquidation preference of $10.07 per share, plus an amount equal to
all accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not earned or declared)
Each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is entitled to require us to redeem the Series B-1
Preferred Stock for 100% of its liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid distributions whether or
not declared, if a change of control occurs, we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT or we cease
to be listed for trading on the NYSE, the NASDAQ National Market system or the American Stock
Exchange. In this event, the redemption price will be equal to (i) 110% of the liquidation value of
the Series B-1 Preferred Stock, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, if such
repurchase occurs prior to June 15, 2008 or (ii) 100% of the liquidation value, plus accrued and
unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, if such repurchase occurs on or after such date.
Voting Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote on (i) all matters
submitted to the holders of our common stock together with the holders of our common stock as a
single class and (ii) certain matters affecting the Series B-1 Preferred Stock as a separate class.
In certain circumstances, our board of directors will be expanded by two seats and the holders of
Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect these two directors.
So long as any share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is outstanding, in addition to any other
vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by our charter, the affirmative vote of the
holders of 66-2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, voting together as a
class, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting
called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
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any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of the charter or
the articles supplementary creating the Series B-1 Preferred Stock that materially and
adversely affects the voting powers, rights, preferences or other terms of the holders
of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock; |
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any issuance of (a) any capital stock or other equity security to which the
Series B-1 Preferred Stock would be junior as to the payment of dividends or as to the
distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up or (b) any capital
stock or other equity security which has redemption rights which are more favorable in
any material respect to the holder of such security than the redemption rights granted
to the holders of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock; and |
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any merger or consolidation of our company and another entity in which the we
are not the surviving corporation and each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock does
not receive shares of the surviving corporation with substantially similar rights,
preferences, powers and other terms in the surviving corporation as the Series B-1
Preferred Stock have with respect to us. |
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. Each share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is convertible, at
the option of the holder, at any time into the number of shares of our common stock obtained by
dividing $10.07 by the conversion price then in effect. The conversion price is currently $10.07
and is subject to certain adjustments as provided in our charter. Holders of shares of our Series
B-1 Preferred Stock have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR DEBT SECURITIES
The following description, together with the additional information we include in any
applicable prospectus supplements, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the debt
securities that we may offer under this prospectus. While the terms we have summarized below will
apply generally to any future debt securities we may offer, we will describe the particular terms
of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable
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prospectus supplement. If we indicate in a prospectus supplement, the terms of any debt
securities we offer under that prospectus supplement may differ from the terms we describe below.
The debt securities will be our direct unsecured general obligations and may include
debentures, notes, bonds or other evidences of indebtedness. The debt securities will be either
senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities. The debt securities will be issued under
one or more separate indentures. Senior debt securities will be issued under a senior indenture,
and subordinated debt securities will be issued under a subordinated indenture. We use the term
indentures to refer to both the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture. The indentures
will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act. We use the term trustee to refer to either the
senior trustee or the subordinated trustee, as applicable.
The following summaries of material provisions of the debt securities and indentures are
subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the indenture
applicable to a particular series of debt securities.
General
We will describe in each prospectus supplement the following terms relating to a series of
debt securities:
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the title; |
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any limit on the amount that may be issued; |
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whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in global form, the terms
and who the depository will be; |
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the maturity date; |
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the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining
the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable
and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such
dates; |
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whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt; |
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the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated debt; |
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the place where payments will be payable; |
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our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period; |
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the date, if any, after which, and the price at which, we may, at our option, redeem
the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional redemption provisions; |
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the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are obligated, pursuant to any
mandatory sinking fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holders option to
purchase, the series of debt securities; |
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whether the indenture will restrict our ability to pay dividends, or will require us to
maintain any asset ratios or reserves; |
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whether we will be restricted from incurring any additional indebtedness; |
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a discussion on any material or special United States federal income tax considerations
applicable to the debt securities; |
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the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than
denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof; and |
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on,
the debt securities. |
Conversion or Exchange Rights
We will set forth in the prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities
may be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of ours. We
will include provisions as to whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the
holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of common
stock or other securities of ours that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would
be subject to adjustment.
Consolidation, Merger or Sale
The indentures do not contain any covenant which restricts our ability to merge or
consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our
assets. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations
under the indentures or the debt securities, as appropriate.
Events of Default Under the Indenture
The following are events of default under the indentures with respect to any series of debt
securities that we may issue:
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if we fail to pay interest when due and our failure continues for a number of days to
be stated in the indenture and the time for payment has not been extended or deferred; |
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if we fail to pay the principal, or premium, if any, when due and the time for payment
has not been extended or delayed; |
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if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained in the debt securities or
the indentures, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt
securities, and our failure continues for a number of days to be stated in the indenture
after we receive notice from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal
amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and |
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if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur as to us. |
If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing,
the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt
securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by
such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any,
due and payable immediately.
The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an
affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its
consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any,
or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture.
Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.
Subject to the terms of the indentures, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur
and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers
under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of
debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of
a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right
to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the
trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt
securities of that series, provided that:
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the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable
indenture; and |
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subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any
action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the
holders not involved in the proceeding. |
A holder of the debt securities of any series will only have the right to institute a
proceeding under the indentures or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies if:
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the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default
with respect to that series; |
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the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt
securities of that series have made written request, and such holders have offered
reasonable indemnity to the trustee to institute the proceeding as trustee; and |
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the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of
a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series
other conflicting directions within 60 days after the notice, request and offer. |
These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we
default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.
We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified
covenants in the indentures.
Modification of Indenture; Waiver
We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to
specific matters, including:
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to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture; and |
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to change anything that does not materially adversely affect the interests of any
holder of debt securities of any series. |
In addition, under the indentures, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be
changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in
aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected.
However, we and the trustee may only make the following changes with the consent of each holder of
any outstanding debt securities affected:
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extending the fixed maturity of the series of debt securities; |
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reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of
interest, or any premium payable upon the redemption of any debt securities; or |
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reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to
consent to any amendment. |
Discharge
Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect
to one or more series of debt securities, except for obligations to:
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register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series; |
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replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series; |
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maintain paying agencies; |
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hold monies for payment in trust; |
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compensate and indemnify the trustee; |
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and appoint any successor trustee. |
In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or
government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest
on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.
Form, Exchange and Transfer
We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons
and, unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of
$1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide that we may issue debt securities
of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be
deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company or another depository named by us and
identified in a prospectus supplement with respect to that series.
At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations
applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of
the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the
same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.
Subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities set
forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt
securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer
endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the
security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless
otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we
will make no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require
payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.
We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer
agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities.
We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer
agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will
be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each
series.
If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:
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issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during
a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a
notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending
at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or |
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register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in
whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in
part. |
Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an
indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable
indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of
care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to
this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of
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the powers given it by the indentures at the request of any holder of debt securities unless
it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it
might incur.
Payment and Paying Agents
Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of
the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the
debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on
the regular record date for the interest.
We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular
series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise
indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check which we
will mail to the holder. Unless we otherwise indicate in a prospectus supplement, we will designate
the corporate trust office of the trustee in the City of New York as our sole paying agent for
payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus
supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a
particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities
of a particular series.
All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any
premium or interest on any debt securities which remains unclaimed at the end of two years after
such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder
of the security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.
Governing Law
The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with
the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
Subordination of Subordinated Notes
The subordinated notes will be unsecured and will be subordinate and junior in priority of
payment to certain of our other indebtedness to the extent described in a prospectus supplement.
The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of subordinated notes which we may issue. It
also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS
This section describes the general terms and provisions of our securities warrants. The
applicable prospectus supplement will describe the specific terms of the securities warrants
offered through that prospectus supplement as well as any general terms described in this section
that will not apply to those securities warrants.
We may issue securities warrants for the purchase of our debt securities, preferred stock, or
common stock. We may issue warrants independently or together with other securities, and they may
be attached to or separate from the other securities. Each series of securities warrants will be
issued under a separate warrant agreement that we will enter into with a bank or trust company, as
warrant agent, as detailed in the applicable prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act
solely as our agent in connection with the securities warrants and will not assume any obligation,
or agency or trust relationship, with you.
The prospectus supplement relating to a particular issue of securities warrants will describe
the terms of those securities warrants, including, where applicable:
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the aggregate number of the securities covered by the warrant; |
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the designation, amount and terms of the securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrant; |
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the exercise price for our debt securities, the amount of debt securities upon exercise
you will receive, and a description of that series of debt securities; |
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the exercise price for shares of our preferred stock, the number of shares of preferred
stock to be received upon exercise, and a description of that series of our preferred
stock; |
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the exercise price for shares of our common stock and the number of shares of common
stock to be received upon exercise; |
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the expiration date for exercising the warrant; |
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the minimum or maximum amount of warrants that may be exercised at any time; |
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a discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences; and |
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any other material terms of the securities warrants. |
After the warrants expire they will become void. The prospectus supplement will describe how
to exercise securities warrants. A holder must exercise warrants for our preferred stock or common
stock through payment in U.S. dollars. All securities warrants will be issued in registered form.
The prospectus supplement may provide for the adjustment of the exercise price of the securities
warrants.
Until a holder exercises warrants to purchase our debt securities, preferred stock, or common
stock, that holder will not have any rights as a holder of our debt securities, preferred stock, or
common stock by virtue of ownership of warrants.
BOOK-ENTRY SECURITIES
The securities offered by means of this prospectus may be issued in whole or in part in
book-entry form, meaning that beneficial owners of the securities will not receive certificates
representing their ownership interests in the securities, except in the event the book-entry system
for the securities is discontinued. Securities issued in book entry form will be evidenced by one
or more global securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in
the applicable prospectus supplement relating to the securities. We expect that The Depository
Trust Company will serve as depository. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for
the individual securities represented by that security, a global security may not be transferred
except as a whole by the depository for the global security to a nominee of that depository or by a
nominee of that depository to that depository or another nominee of that depository or by the
depository or any nominee of that depository to a successor depository or a nominee of that
successor. Global securities may be issued in either registered or bearer form and in either
temporary or permanent form. The specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to a
class or series of securities that differ from the terms described here will be described in the
applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we anticipate that the
provisions described below will apply to depository arrangements.
Upon the issuance of a global security, the depository for the global security or its nominee
will credit on its book-entry registration and transfer system the respective principal amounts of
the individual securities represented by that global security to the accounts of persons that have
accounts with such depository, who are called participants. Those accounts will be designated by
the underwriters, dealers or agents with respect to the securities or by us if the securities are
offered and sold directly by us. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be
limited to the depositorys participants or persons that may hold interests through those
participants. Ownership of beneficial interests in the global security will be shown on, and the
transfer of that ownership will be effected only through, records maintained by the applicable
depository or its nominee (with respect to beneficial interests of participants) and records of the
participants (with respect to beneficial interests of persons who hold through participants). The
laws of some states require that certain purchasers of securities take physical delivery of
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such securities in definitive form. These limits and laws may impair the ability to own,
pledge or transfer beneficial interest in a global security.
So long as the depository for a global security or its nominee is the registered owner of such
global security, that depository or nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner
or holder of the securities represented by that global security for all purposes under the
applicable indenture or other instrument defining the rights of a holder of the securities. Except
as provided below or in the applicable prospectus supplement, owners of beneficial interest in a
global security will not be entitled to have any of the individual securities of the series
represented by that global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to
receive physical delivery of any such securities in definitive form and will not be considered the
owners or holders of that security under the applicable indenture or other instrument defining the
rights of the holders of the securities.
Payments of amounts payable with respect to individual securities represented by a global
security registered in the name of a depository or its nominee will be made to the depository or
its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the global security representing those
securities. None of us, our officers and directors or any trustee, paying agent or security
registrar for an individual series of securities will have any responsibility or liability for any
aspect of the records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in
the global security for such securities or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records
relating to those beneficial ownership interests.
We expect that the depository for a series of securities offered by means of this prospectus
or its nominee, upon receipt of any payment of principal, premium, interest, dividend or other
amount in respect of a permanent global security representing any of those securities, will
immediately credit its participants accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their
respective beneficial interests in the principal amount of that global security for those
securities as shown on the records of that depository or its nominee. We also expect that payments
by participants to owners of beneficial interests in that global security held through those
participants will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with
securities held for the account of customers in bearer form or registered in street name. Those
payments will be the responsibility of these participants.
If a depository for a series of securities is at any time unwilling, unable or ineligible to
continue as depository and a successor depository is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will
issue individual securities of that series in exchange for the global security representing that
series of securities. In addition, we may, at any time and in our sole discretion, subject to any
limitations described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to those securities,
determine not to have any securities of that series represented by one or more global securities
and, in that event, will issue individual securities of that series in exchange for the global
security or securities representing that series of securities.
MATERIAL PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OF OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter and
bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of
which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
The Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company may be established by our board
of directors but may not be fewer than the minimum number permitted under the MGCL nor more than
15. Any vacancy will be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that
purpose, by a majority of the remaining directors.
Pursuant to our charter, each member of our board of directors will serve one year terms and
until their successors are elected and qualified. Holders of shares of our common stock will have
no right to cumulative voting in the election of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of
stockholders at which our board of directors is elected, the holders of a plurality of the shares
of our common stock will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors.
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Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between a corporation and an interested
stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date
on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations
include a merger, consolidation, statutory share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the
statute, certain transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers, liquidation plans and
reclassifications involving interested stockholders and their affiliates as asset transfer or
issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines an interested stockholder
as:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our voting stock;
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an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year
period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the
voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if the board of directors approves in advance the
transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in
approving the transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to
compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board
of directors.
After the five year prohibition, any business combination between a corporation and an
interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors and approved by the
affirmative vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares of
common stock; and |
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the common stock other
than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the
business combination is to be effected or shares held by an affiliate or associate of
the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if certain fair price requirements set
forth in the MGCL are satisfied.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations
that are approved by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes
an interested stockholder.
Our charter includes a provision excluding the corporation from these provisions of the MGCL
and, consequently, the five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not
apply to business combinations between us and any interested stockholder of ours unless we later
amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision. Any such
amendment may not be effective until 18 months after the stockholder vote and may not apply to any
business combination involving us and an interested stockholder (or affiliate) who became an
interested stockholder on or before the date of the vote. We believe that our ownership
restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would become an interested
stockholder within the meaning of the Maryland business combination statute.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share
acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved at a special meeting by the
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of
stock in a corporation in respect of which any of the following persons is entitled to exercise or
direct the exercise of the voting power of shares of stock of the corporation in the election of
directors: (i) a person who makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition, (ii) an officer
of the corporation or (iii) an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the
corporation. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other such
shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to
exercise or direct the exercise of voting power
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(except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting
power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or
more but less than one-third, (ii) one-third or more but less than a majority, or (iii) a majority
or more of all voting power. Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then
entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control share
acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition, upon satisfaction of
certain conditions (including an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel our board of directors to
call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting
rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the
question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver
an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares (except those for which
voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value determined, without regard to the
absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share
acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such
shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a
stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to
vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as
determined for purposes of such appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share
paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (i) to shares acquired in a merger,
consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (ii) to
acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our charter contains a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and
all acquisitions by any person of our common stock and, consequently, the applicability of the
control share acquisitions unless we later amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify
or eliminate this provision.
Amendment to Our Charter
Our charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the board of directors and approved
by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be
cast on the matter.
Dissolution of Our Company
The dissolution of our company must be declared advisable by the board of directors and
approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds of all of the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that:
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with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, the only business to be
considered and the only proposals to be acted upon will be those properly brought
before the annual meeting: |
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by, or at the direction of, a majority of our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with
the advance notice procedures set forth in our bylaws; |
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with respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our
companys notice of meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders unless
otherwise provided by law; and |
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nominations of persons for election to our board of directors at any annual or
special meeting of stockholders may be made only: |
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by, or at the direction of, our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with
the advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. |
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a
change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock
or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our companys charter were to be amended to
avail the corporation of the business combination provisions of the MGCL or to remove or modify the
provision in the charter opting out of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL, these
provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.
Indemnification and Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide for indemnification of our officers and
directors against liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as amended from time to
time.
The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on
the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party by
reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its
present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines,
settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to
which they may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is
established that:
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an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise
to the proceeding and: |
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was committed in bad faith; or |
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was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money,
property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause
to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a
suit by or in the right of the corporation (other than for expenses incurred in a successful
defense of such an action) or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was
improperly received. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to
a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his good faith belief that he
has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by the director or on the directors behalf to repay the
amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the
director did not meet the standard of conduct. |
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the
liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from
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actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or active and
deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being material to the cause of action. Our
charter contains such a provision which eliminates such liability to the maximum extent permitted
by Maryland law.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to
time, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement
to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a
proceeding to:
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any present or former director or officer who is made a party to the proceeding by
reason of his or her service in that capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request,
serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership,
joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director,
officer, partner or trustee and who is made a party to the proceeding by reason of his
or her service in that capacity. |
Our bylaws also obligate us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a
predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described in second and third bullet points above and
to any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that we, as general partner,
and our officers and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law. See
Partnership Agreement Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons
controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the
opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
Management
Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, has been organized as a
Delaware limited partnership. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the sole general partner of
this partnership, and one of our subsidiaries holds limited partnership units in this partnership.
A majority of the limited partnership units not owned by our company are owned by certain of our
directors, executive officers and affiliates of such persons. In the future, we may issue
additional interests in our operating partnership to third parties.
Pursuant to the partnership agreement of the operating partnership, we, as the sole general
partner, generally have full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in the
management, operation and control of the partnership, including the ability to cause the
partnership to enter into certain major transactions, including acquisitions, developments and
dispositions of properties, borrowings and refinancings of existing indebtedness. No limited
partner may take part in the operation, management or control of the business of the operating
partnership by virtue of being a holder of limited partnership units.
Our subsidiary may not be removed as general partner of the partnership. Upon the bankruptcy
or dissolution of the general partner, the general partner shall be deemed to be removed
automatically.
The limited partners of our operating partnership have agreed that in the event of a conflict
in the fiduciary duties owed (i) by us to our stockholders and (ii) by us, as general partner of
the operating partnership, to those limited partners, we may act in the best interests of our
stockholders without violating our fiduciary duties to the limited partners of the operating
partnership or being liable for any resulting breach of our duties to the limited partners.
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Transferability of Interests
General Partner. The partnership agreement provides that we may not transfer our interest as
a general partner (including by sale, disposition, merger or consolidation) except:
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in connection with a merger of the operating partnership, a sale of substantially all of
the assets of the operating partnership or other transaction in which the limited partners
receive a certain amount of cash, securities or property; or |
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in connection with a merger of us or the general partner into another entity, if the
surviving entity contributes substantially all its assets to the operating partnership and
assumes the duties of the general partner under the operating partnership agreement. |
Limited Partner. The partnership agreement prohibits the sale, assignment, transfer, pledge
or disposition of all or any portion of the limited partnership units without our consent, which we
may give or withhold in our sole discretion. However, an individual partner may donate his units
to his immediate family or a trust wholly owned by his immediate family, without our consent. In
addition, the partnerships contributing our initial hotel properties to us in exchange for units in
our operating partnership may transfer those units to their partners, without our consent. The
partnership agreement contains other restrictions on transfer if, among other things that transfer:
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would cause us to fail to comply with the REIT rules under the Internal Revenue Code; or |
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would cause us to become a publicly-traded partnership under the Internal Revenue Code. |
Capital Contributions
The partnership agreement provides that if the partnership requires additional funds at any
time in excess of funds available to the partnership from borrowing or capital contributions, we
may borrow such funds from a financial institution or other lender and lend such funds to the
partnership. Under the partnership agreement, we are obligated to contribute the proceeds of any
offering of stock as additional capital to the partnership. The operating partnership is
authorized to cause the partnership to issue partnership interests for less than fair market value
if we conclude in good faith that such issuance is in both the partnerships and our best
interests.
The partnership agreement provides that we may make additional capital contributions,
including properties, to the partnership in exchange for additional partnership units. If we
contribute additional capital to the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for
such capital contribution, our percentage interests will be increased on a proportionate basis
based on the amount of such additional capital contributions and the value of the partnership at
the time of such contributions. Conversely, the percentage interests of the other limited partners
will be decreased on a proportionate basis. In addition, if we contribute additional capital to
the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for such capital contribution, the
capital accounts of the partners will be adjusted upward or downward to reflect any unrealized gain
or loss attributable to our properties as if there were an actual sale of such properties at the
fair market value thereof. Limited partners have no preemptive right to make additional capital
contributions.
The operating partnership could issue preferred partnership interests in connection with
acquisitions of property or otherwise. Any such preferred partnership interests would have
priority over common partnership interests with respect to distributions from the partnership,
including the partnership interests that our wholly-owned subsidiaries own.
Redemption Rights
Under the partnership agreement, we have granted to each limited partner (other than our
subsidiary) the right to redeem their limited partnership units. This right may be exercised at
the election of that limited partner by giving us written notice, subject to some limitations. The
purchase price for the limited partnership units to be redeemed will equal the fair market value of
our common stock. The purchase price for the limited partnership units
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may be paid in cash, or, in our discretion, by the issuance by us of a number of shares of our
common stock equal to the number of limited partnership units with respect to which the rights are
being exercised. However, no limited partner will be entitled to exercise its redemption rights to
the extent that the issuance of common stock to the redeeming partner would be prohibited under our
charter or, if after giving effect to such exercise, would cause any person to own, actually or
constructively, more than 9.8% of our common stock, unless such ownership limit is waived by us in
our sole discretion.
In all cases, however, no limited partner may exercise the redemption right for fewer than
1,000 partnership units or, if a limited partner holds fewer than 1,000 partnership units, all of
the partnership units held by such limited partner.
Currently, the aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the
redemption rights by holders of partnership units is 14,133,571. The number of shares of common
stock issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights will be adjusted to account for share splits,
mergers, consolidations or similar pro rata share transactions.
Operations
The partnership agreement requires the partnership to be operated in a manner that enables us
to satisfy the requirements for being classified as a REIT, to minimize any excise tax liability
imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and to ensure that the partnership will not be classified as a
publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation under Section 7704 of the Code.
In addition to the administrative and operating costs and expenses incurred by the
partnership, the partnership will pay all of our administrative costs and expenses. These expenses
will be treated as expenses of the partnership and will generally include:
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all expenses relating to our continuity of existence; |
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all expenses relating to offerings and registration of securities; |
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all expenses associated with the preparation and filing of any of our periodic reports
under federal, state or local laws or regulations; |
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all expenses associated with our compliance with laws, rules and regulations promulgated
by any regulatory body; and |
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all of our other operating or administrative costs incurred in the ordinary course of
its business on behalf of the partnership. |
Distributions
The partnership agreement provides that the partnership will make cash distributions in
amounts and at such times as determined by us in our sole discretion, to us and other limited
partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests of the partners in the partnership.
Upon liquidation of the partnership, after payment of, or adequate provisions for, debts and
obligations of the partnership, including any partner loans, any remaining assets of the
partnership will be distributed to us and the other limited partners with positive capital accounts
in accordance with the respective positive capital account balances of the partners.
Allocations
Profits and losses of the partnership (including depreciation and amortization deductions) for
each fiscal year generally are allocated to us and the other limited partners in accordance with
the respective percentage
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interests of the partners in the partnership. All of the foregoing allocations are subject to
compliance with the provisions of Internal Revenue Code sections 704(b) and 704(c) and Treasury
Regulations promulgated thereunder. The partnership will use the traditional method under
Internal Revenue Code section 704(c) for allocating items with respect to which the fair market
value at the time of contribution differs from the adjusted tax basis at the time of contribution
for a hotel.
Amendments
Generally, we, as the general partner of the operating partnership, may amend the partnership
agreement without the consent of any limited partner to clarify the partnership agreement, to make
changes of an inconsequential nature, to reflect the admission, substitution or withdrawal of
limited partners, to reflect the issuance of additional partnership interests or if, in the opinion
of counsel, necessary or appropriate to satisfy the Code with respect to partnerships or REITs or
federal or state securities laws. However, any amendment which alters or changes the distribution
or redemption rights of a limited partner (other than a change to reflect the seniority of any
distribution or liquidation rights of any preferred units issued in accordance with the partnership
agreement), changes the method for allocating profits and losses, imposes any obligation on the
limited partners to make additional capital contributions or adversely affects the limited
liability of the limited partners requires the consent of holders of 66 2/3% of the limited
partnership units, excluding our indirect ownership of limited partnership units. Other amendments
require approval of the general partner and holders of 50% of the limited partnership units.
In addition, the operating partnership may be amended, without the consent of any limited
partner, in the event that we or any of our subsidiaries engages in a merger or consolidation with
another entity and immediately after such transaction the surviving entity contributes to the
operating partnership substantially all of the assets of such surviving entity and the surviving
entity agrees to assume our subsidiarys obligation as general partner of the partnership. In such
case, the surviving entity will amend the operating partnership agreement to arrive at a new method
for calculating the amount a limited partner is to receive upon redemption or conversion of a
partnership unit (such method to approximate the existing method as much as possible).
Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that neither the general
partner, nor any of its directors and officers will be liable to the partnership or to any of its
partners as a result of errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or of any act or omission, if
the general partner acted in good faith.
In addition, the partnership agreement requires our operating partnership to indemnify and
hold the general partner and its directors, officers and any other person it designates, harmless
from and against any and all claims arising from operations of the operating partnership in which
any such indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or otherwise,
unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the
proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty; |
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the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or
services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe
that the act or omission was unlawful. |
No indemnitee may subject any partner of our operating partnership to personal liability with
respect to this indemnification obligation as this indemnification obligation will be satisfied
solely out of the assets of the partnership.
Term
The partnership has a perpetual life, unless dissolved upon:
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the general partners bankruptcy or dissolution or withdrawal (unless the limited
partners elect to continue the partnership); |
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the passage of 90 days after the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all
the assets of the partnership; |
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the redemption of all partnership units (other than those held by us, if any); or |
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an election by us in our capacity as the sole owner of the general partner. |
Tax Matters
The general partner is the tax matters partner of the operating partnership. We have the
authority to make tax elections under the Internal Revenue Code on behalf of the partnership. The
net income or net loss of the operating partnership will generally be allocated to us and the
limited partners in accordance with our respective percentage interests in the partnership, subject
to compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
The following discussion is a summary of the material federal income tax considerations that
may be relevant to a prospective holder of securities, and, unless otherwise noted in the following
discussion, expresses the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP insofar as it relates to matters of United
States federal income tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters. The discussion
does not address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular investors in light of
their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of investors that are subject
to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance companies, financial
institutions or broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations (except to the limited extent discussed in
" Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders), foreign corporations and persons who are not citizens or
residents of the United States (except to the limited extent discussed in Taxation of Non-U.S.
Holders), investors who hold or will hold securities as part of hedging or conversion
transactions, investors subject to federal alternative minimum tax, investors that have a principal
place of business or tax home outside the United States and investors whose functional currency
is not the United States dollar.
The statements of law in this discussion and the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP are based on
current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, existing
temporary and final Treasury regulations thereunder, and current administrative rulings and court
decisions. No assurance can be given that future legislative, judicial, or administrative actions
or decisions, which may be retroactive in effect, will not affect the accuracy of any statements in
this prospectus with respect to the transactions entered into or contemplated prior to the
effective date of such changes.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences to you of
ownership of our securities and of our election to be taxed as a REIT. Specifically, we urge you to
consult your own tax advisor regarding the federal, state, local, foreign, and other tax
consequences of such ownership and election and regarding potential changes in applicable tax laws.
Taxation of Our Company
We are currently taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws. We believe that we are
organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we
intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate
in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing the
federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its investors. These laws are highly technical and
complex.
Andrews Kurth LLP has acted as our counsel in connection with the offering. In the opinion of
Andrews Kurth LLP for the taxable years ending December 31, 2003, December 31, 2004 and December
31, 2005, we qualified to be taxed as a REIT pursuant to sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and
our organization and present
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and
proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and
taxation as a REIT under the Code. Investors should be aware that Andrews Kurth LLPs opinion is
based upon customary assumptions, is conditioned upon the accuracy of certain representations made
by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of our properties and
the future conduct of our business, and is not binding upon the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or
any court. In addition, Andrews Kurth LLPs opinion is based on existing federal income tax law
governing qualification as a REIT, which is subject to change either prospectively or
retroactively. Moreover, our continued qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability
to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests
set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests include the percentage of income that
we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls within specified
categories, the diversity of our share ownership, and the percentage of our earnings that we
distribute. While Andrews Kurth LLP has reviewed those matters in connection with the foregoing
opinion, Andrews Kurth LLP will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis.
Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operation for any particular
taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the tax consequences of our
failure to qualify as a REIT, see Failure to Qualify.
If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the taxable
income that we distribute to our stockholders. The benefit of that tax treatment is that it avoids
the double taxation, or taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels, that generally
results from owning stock in a corporation. However, we will be subject to federal tax in the
following circumstances:
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We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do
not distribute to our stockholders during, or within a specified time period after, the
calendar year in which the income is earned. |
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Under certain circumstances, we may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on items
of tax preference. |
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We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on (1) net income from the sale or
other disposition of property acquired through foreclosure (foreclosure property) that we
hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and (2) other
non-qualifying income from foreclosure property. |
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We will pay a 100% tax on net income from sales or other dispositions of property, other
than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of business. |
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If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as
described below under Income Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT
because we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on (1) the gross income
attributable to the greater of the amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. |
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If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT
ordinary income for such year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year,
and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will pay a 4% excise tax on
the excess of this required distribution over the sum of the amount we actually
distributed, plus any retained amounts on which income tax has been paid at the corporate
level. |
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We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that
case, a U.S. holder, as defined below under Taxation of U.S. Holders, would be taxed
on its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent that
a timely designation of such gain is made by us to the stockholder) and would receive a
credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we paid. |
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If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that generally is subject
to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction in which we acquire a basis
in the asset that is determined by reference to the C corporations basis in the asset, we
will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize gain on the
sale or disposition of such asset during the 10-year period after we |
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acquire such asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax generally is the lesser of:
(1) the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or disposition; or (2) the
amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time we
acquired the asset. |
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We will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a taxable REIT subsidiary that
are not conducted on an arms-length basis. |
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If we fail to satisfy certain asset tests, described below under - Asset Tests and
nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because we meet certain other requirements, we
will be subject to a tax of the greater of $50,000 or at the highest corporate rate on the
income generated by the non-qualifying assets. |
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We may be subject to a $50,000 tax for each failure if we fail to satisfy certain REIT
qualification requirements, other than income tests or asset tests, and the failure is due
to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. |
In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we may also have to pay certain
state and local income taxes, because not all states and localities treat REITs in the same manner
that they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, as further described below, any
TRS in which we own an interest will be subject to federal and state corporate income tax on its
taxable income.
Requirements for Qualification
A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets the following requirements:
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it is managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
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its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable
certificates of beneficial interest; |
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it would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the REIT provisions of
the federal income tax laws; |
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it is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to
special provisions of the federal income tax laws; |
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at least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership
certificates; |
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no more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates
is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, as defined in the
federal income tax laws to include certain entities, during the last half of each
taxable year; |
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it elects to be a REIT, or has made such election for a previous taxable year,
and satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by
the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT status; |
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it uses a calendar year for federal income tax purposes and complies with the
recordkeeping requirements of the federal income tax laws; and |
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it meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the
nature of its income and assets and the amount of its distributions. |
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We must meet requirements 1 through 4 during our entire taxable year and must meet requirement
5 during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a
taxable year of less than 12 months. If we comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the
ownership of our outstanding shares in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated
requirement 6, we will be deemed to have satisfied
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requirement 6 for such taxable year. For purposes of determining share ownership under
requirement 6, an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefits
plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for
charitable purposes. An individual, however, generally does not include a trust that is a
qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal income tax laws, and
beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding shares of our stock in proportion to their
actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of requirement 6.
We have issued sufficient stock with enough diversity of ownership to satisfy requirements 5
and 6 set forth above. In addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of our stock
so that we should continue to satisfy requirements 5 and 6. The provisions of our charter
restricting the ownership and transfer of the stock are described in Description of Our Capital
Stock Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are required to send annual letters to
holders of our stock requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our stock, and we do
not know, or exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, whether we failed to meet
requirement 6 above, we will be treated as having met the requirement.
In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other administrative requirements
established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT qualification.
A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a corporation separate
from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a
qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and
credit of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a taxable REIT
subsidiary (TRS), all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. Thus, in applying the
requirements described in this section, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own will be
ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of that subsidiary
will be treated as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit. Similarly,
any wholly owned limited liability company or certain wholly owned partnerships that we own will be
disregarded, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of such limited
liability company will be treated as ours.
In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that has other partners, the REIT is
treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as earning its
allocable share of the gross income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT
qualification tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (as described below under Asset Tests),
our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity interests and certain
debt securities issued by the partnership. For all of the other asset and income tests, our
proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the capital interests in the
partnership. Our proportionate share of the assets, liabilities, and items of income of our
operating partnership and of any other partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company
that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we own or will acquire an
interest, directly or indirectly (each, a Partnership and, together, the Partnerships), are
treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification
requirements.
Subject to restrictions on the value of TRS securities held by the REIT, a REIT is permitted
to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation. The TRS
and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS
directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will be
automatically treated as a TRS. A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels
or health care facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care
facility is operated but is permitted to lease hotels from a related REIT as long as the hotels are
operated on behalf of the TRS by an eligible independent contractor. Overall, no more than 20% of
the value of a REITs assets may consist of TRS securities. We formed and made a timely election
with respect to two TRSs, Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation (together with
their respective subsidiaries, Ashford TRSs). Each of our hotel properties is leased or owned by
one of the Ashford TRSs. Additionally, we may form or acquire one or more additional TRSs in the
future. See Taxable REIT Subsidiaries.
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Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of
income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or
mortgages on real property or qualified temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes
of that 75% gross income test generally includes:
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rents from real property; |
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interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property; |
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dividends and gain from the sale of shares in other REITs; |
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gain from the sale of real estate assets; and |
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income derived from the temporary investment of new capital or qualified temporary
investment income, that is attributable to the issuance of our stock or a public
offering of our debt with a maturity date of at least five years and that we receive
during the one-year period beginning on the date on which we received such new capital. |
Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of
income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of
dividends and interest, gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, income from
certain hedging transactions, or any combination of these. Gross income from our sale of any
property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is
excluded from both income tests. In addition, income and gain from hedging transactions, as
defined in Hedging Transactions, that we enter into to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be
incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets and that are clearly and timely identified as such
will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of the 95% gross income
test (but not the 75% gross income test). The following paragraphs discuss the specific application
of the gross income tests to us.
Rents from Real Property. Rent that we receive from real property that we own and lease to
tenants will qualify as rents from real property, which is qualifying income for purposes of the
75% and 95% gross income tests, only if the following conditions are met:
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First, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of
any person but may be based on a fixed percentage or percentages of gross receipts or
gross sales. |
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Second, neither we nor a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more of our shares of
stock may own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of a tenant other than a TRS
from whom we receive rent. |
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Third, if the rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a
lease of real property exceeds 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the
portion of rent attributable to that personal property will not qualify as rents from
real property. |
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Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or
render services to our tenants, other than through an independent contractor who is
adequately compensated, from whom we do not derive revenue, and who does not, directly
or through its stockholders, own more than 35% of our shares of stock, taking into
consideration the applicable ownership attribution rules. However, we need not provide
services through an independent contractor, but instead may provide services directly
to our tenants, if the services are usually or customarily rendered in the geographic
area in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered
to be provided for the tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal
amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an
independent contractor, as long as our income from the services (valued at not less
than 150% of our direct cost of performing such services) does not exceed 1% of our
income from the related property. Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a |
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TRS which may provide customary and noncustomary services to our tenants without
tainting our rental income from the related properties. See Taxable REIT
Subsidiaries. |
Pursuant to percentage leases, the Ashford TRSs lease each of our properties not owned by a
TRS. The percentage leases provide that the Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay to the Partnerships
(1) a minimum base rent plus percentage rent based on gross revenue and (2) additional charges or
other expenses, as defined in the leases. Percentage rent is calculated by multiplying fixed
percentages by room revenues for each of the hotels. Both base rent and the thresholds in the
percentage rent formulas may be adjusted for inflation.
In order for the base rent, percentage rent, and additional charges to constitute rents from
real property, the percentage leases must be respected as true leases for federal income tax
purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint ventures, or some other type of arrangement.
The determination of whether the percentage leases are true leases depends on an analysis of all
the surrounding facts and circumstances. In making such a determination, courts have considered a
variety of factors, including the following:
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the intent of the parties; |
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the form of the agreement; |
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the degree of control over the property that is retained by the property owner, or
whether the lessee has substantial control over the operation of the property or is
required simply to use its best efforts to perform its obligations under the agreement;
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the extent to which the property owner retains the risk of loss with respect to the
property, or whether the lessee bears the risk of increases in operating expenses or
the risk of damage to the property or the potential for economic gain or appreciation
with respect to the property. |
In addition, federal income tax law provides that a contract that purports to be a service
contract or a partnership agreement will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract
is properly treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or not:
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the service recipient is in physical possession of the property; |
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the service recipient controls the property; |
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the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory interest in the
property, or whether the propertys use is likely to be dedicated to the service
recipient for a substantial portion of the useful life of the
property, the recipient shares the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in savings in the
propertys operating costs, or the recipient bears the risk of damage to or loss of the
property; |
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the service provider bears the risk of substantially diminished receipts or
substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the contract; |
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the service provider uses the property concurrently to provide significant services
to entities unrelated to the service recipient; and |
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the total contract price substantially exceeds the rental value of the property for
the contract period. |
Since the determination whether a service contract should be treated as a lease is inherently
factual, the presence or absence of any single factor will not be dispositive in every case.
We believe that the percentage leases will be treated as true leases for federal income tax
purposes. Such belief is based, in part, on the following facts:
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the Partnerships, on the one hand, and Ashford TRSs, on the other hand, intend for
their relationship to be that of a lessor and lessee, and such relationship is
documented by lease agreements; |
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Ashford TRSs have the right to the exclusive possession, use, and quiet enjoyment of
the hotels during the term of the percentage leases; |
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Ashford TRSs bear the cost of, and are responsible for, day-to-day maintenance and
repair of the hotels and generally dictate how the hotels are operated, maintained, and
improved; |
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Ashford TRSs bear all of the costs and expenses of operating the hotels, including
the cost of any inventory used in their operation, during the term of the percentage
leases, other than, in certain cases, real estate taxes; |
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Ashford TRSs benefit from any savings in the costs of operating the hotels during
the term of the percentage leases; |
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Ashford TRSs generally have indemnified the Partnerships against all liabilities
imposed on the Partnerships during the term of the percentage leases by reason of (1)
injury to persons or damage to property occurring at the hotels, (2) Ashford TRSs use,
management, maintenance, or repair of the hotels, (3) any environmental liability
caused by acts or grossly negligent failures to act of Ashford TRSs, (4) taxes and
assessments in respect of the hotels that are the obligations of Ashford TRSs, or (5)
any breach of the percentage leases or of any sublease of a hotel by Ashford TRSs; |
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Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of
the hotels; |
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Ashford TRSs stand to incur substantial losses or reap substantial gains depending
on how successfully they operate the hotels; |
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the Partnerships cannot use the hotels concurrently to provide significant services
to entities unrelated to Ashford TRSs; and |
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the total contract price under the percentage leases does not substantially exceed
the rental value of the hotels for the term of the percentage leases. |
Investors should be aware that there are no controlling Treasury regulations, published
rulings, or judicial decisions involving leases with terms substantially the same as the percentage
leases that discuss whether such leases constitute true leases for federal income tax purposes. If
the percentage leases are characterized as service contracts or partnership agreements, rather than
as true leases, part or all of the payments that the Partnerships receive from Ashford TRSs may not
be considered rent or may not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as
rents from real property. In that case, we likely would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or
95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our REIT status.
As described above, in order for the rent received by us to constitute rents from real
property, several other requirements must be satisfied. One requirement is that the percentage
rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. The percentage
rent, however, will qualify as rents from real property if it is based on percentages of gross
receipts or gross sales and the percentages:
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are fixed at the time the percentage leases are entered into; |
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are not renegotiated during the term of the percentage leases in a manner that has
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conform with normal business practice. |
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More generally, the percentage rent will not qualify as rents from real property if,
considering the percentage leases and all the surrounding circumstances, the arrangement does not
conform with normal business practice, but is in reality used as a means of basing the percentage
rent on income or profits. Since the percentage rent is based on fixed percentages of the gross
revenues from the hotels that are established in the percentage leases, and we have represented to
Andrews Kurth LLP that the percentages (1) will not be renegotiated during the terms of the
percentage leases in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income or
profits and (2) conform with normal business practice, the percentage rent should not be considered
based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Furthermore, we have represented
to Andrews Kurth LLP that, with respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in the future, we
will not charge rent for any property that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of
any person, except by reason of being based on a fixed percentage of gross revenues, as described
above.
Another requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that we
must not own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of the stock of any corporate lessee or 10%
or more of the assets or net profits of any non-corporate lessee (a related party tenant). This
rule, however, does not apply to rents for hotels leased to a TRS if an eligible independent
contractor operates the hotel for the TRS.
A third requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that the
rent attributable to the personal property leased in connection with the lease of a hotel must not
be greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease. The rent attributable to the
personal property contained in a hotel is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for
the taxable year as the average of the fair market values of the personal property at the beginning
and at the end of the taxable year bears to the average of the aggregate fair market values of both
the real and personal property contained in the hotel at the beginning and at the end of such
taxable year (the personal property ratio). With respect to each hotel, we believe either that
the personal property ratio is less than 15% or that any income attributable to excess personal
property will not jeopardize our ability to qualify as a REIT. There can be no assurance, however,
that the IRS would not challenge our calculation of a personal property ratio or that a court would
not uphold such assertion. If such a challenge were successfully asserted, we could fail to satisfy
the 95% or 75% gross income test and thus lose our REIT status.
A fourth requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that,
other than within the 1% de minimis exception described above (i.e., we may provide a minimal
amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent
contractor, as long as our income from the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the
related property) and other than through a TRS, we cannot furnish or render noncustomary services
to the tenants of our hotels, or manage or operate our hotels, other than through an independent
contractor who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive or receive any income.
Provided that the percentage leases are respected as true leases, we should satisfy that
requirement, because the Partnerships will not perform any services other than customary services
for Ashford TRSs. Furthermore, we have represented that, with respect to other hotel properties
that we acquire in the future, we will not perform noncustomary services for Ashford TRSs.
If a portion of our rent from a hotel does not qualify as rents from real property because
the rent attributable to personal property exceeds 15% of the total rent for a taxable year, the
portion of the rent that is attributable to personal property will not be qualifying income for
purposes of either the 75% or 95% gross income test. Thus, if such rent attributable to personal
property, plus any other income that is nonqualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income
test, during a taxable year exceeds 5% of our gross income during the year, we would lose our REIT
status. If, however, the rent from a particular hotel does not qualify as rents from real
property because either (1) the percentage rent is considered based on the income or profits of
the related lessee, (2) the lessee is a related party tenant other than a TRS, or (3) we furnish
noncustomary services to the tenants of the hotel, or manage or operate the hotel, other than
through a qualifying independent contractor or a TRS, none of the rent from that hotel would
qualify as rents from real property.
In that case, we likely would be unable to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income test
and, as a result, would lose our REIT status. However, in either situation, we may still qualify
as a REIT if the relief described below under Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests is available
to us.
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In addition to the rent, the Ashford TRSs are required to pay to the Partnerships certain
additional charges. To the extent that such additional charges represent either (1) reimbursements
of amounts that the Partnerships are obligated to pay to third parties or (2) penalties for
nonpayment or late payment of such amounts, such charges should qualify as rents from real
property. However, to the extent that such charges represent interest that is accrued on the late
payment of the rent or additional charges, such charges will not qualify as rents from real
property, but instead should be treated as interest that qualifies for the 95% gross income test.
Interest. The term interest, as defined for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, generally does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the
determination of such amount depends in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person.
However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term interest
solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.
Furthermore, to the extent that interest from a loan that is based on the residual cash proceeds
from the sale of the property securing the loan constitutes a shared appreciation provision,
income attributable to such participation feature will be treated as gain from the sale of the
secured property.
While certain of our existing mezzanine loans are not secured by a direct interest in real
property, other of our mezzanine loans are, and future mezzanine loans may be. In Revenue Procedure
2003-65, the IRS established a safe harbor under which interest from loans secured by a first
priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company
owning real property will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, provided several requirements are satisfied. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe
harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover,
although we anticipate that most or all of any mezzanine loans that we make or acquire will qualify
for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65, it is possible that we may make or acquire some
mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor.
Prohibited Transactions. A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale
or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether a REIT holds an asset
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the
facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset.
We believe that none of the assets owned by the Partnerships is held primarily for sale to
customers and that a sale of any such asset would not be in the ordinary course of the owning
entitys business. We will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the
federal income tax laws prescribing when an asset sale will not be characterized as a prohibited
transaction. We cannot provide assurance, however, that we can comply with such safe-harbor
provisions or that the Partnerships will avoid owning property that may be characterized as
property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
Foreclosure Property. We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income
from foreclosure property, other than income that would be qualifying income for purposes of the
75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of such income.
However, gross income from such foreclosure property will qualify for purposes of the 75% and 95%
gross income tests. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real
property, and any personal property incident to such real property:
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that is acquired by a REIT as the result of such REIT having bid on such property at
foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by
agreement or process of law, after there was a default or default was imminent on a
lease of such property or on an indebtedness that such property secured; |
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for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when the REIT
had no intent to evict or foreclose or the REIT did not know or have reason to know
that default would occur; and |
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for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat such property as foreclosure
property. |
However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes
control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any
loss except as a creditor of
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the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property with respect to a REIT at
the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired such
property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. The foregoing
grace period is terminated and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on the first
day:
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on which a lease is entered into with respect to such property that, by its terms,
will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income
test or any amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease
entered into on or after such day that will give rise to income that does not qualify
for purposes of the 75% gross income test; |
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on which any construction takes place on such property, other than completion of a
building, or any other improvement, where more than 10% of the construction of such
building or other improvement was completed before default became imminent; or |
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which is more than 90 days after the day on which such property was acquired by the
REIT and the property is used in a trade or business which is conducted by the REIT,
other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive
or receive any income. |
As a result of the rules with respect to foreclosure property, if a lessee defaults on its
obligations under a percentage lease, we terminate the lessees leasehold interest, and we are
unable to find a replacement lessee for the hotel within 90 days of such foreclosure, gross income
from hotel operations conducted by us from such hotel would cease to qualify for the 75% and 95%
gross income tests unless we are able to hire an independent contractor to manage and operate the
hotel. In such event, we might be unable to satisfy the 75% and 95% gross income tests and, thus,
might fail to qualify as a REIT.
Hedging Transactions. From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect
to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into
interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase such items, and futures and forward
contracts. To the extent that we entered into an interest rate swap or cap contract, option,
futures contract, forward rate agreement, or any similar financial instrument to hedge our
indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets prior to January 1, 2005, any
periodic income or gain from the disposition of such contract should be qualifying income for
purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. To the extent that we
hedged with other types of financial instruments during such years, or in other situations, it is
not entirely clear how the income from those transactions will be treated for purposes of the gross
income tests. To the extent that we enter into such transactions after December 31, 2004, income
arising from clearly identified hedging transactions that are entered into by the REIT in the
normal course of business, either directly or through certain subsidiary entities, to manage the
risk of interest rate movements, price changes, or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings
or obligations incurred or to be incurred by the REIT to acquire or carry real estate assets is
excluded from the 95% income test, but not the 75% income test. In general, for a hedging
transaction to be clearly identified, (A) the transaction must be identified as a hedging
transaction before the end of the day on which it is entered into, and (B) the items or risks being
hedged must be identified substantially contemporaneously with the hedging transaction, meaning
that the identification of the items or risks being hedged must generally occur within 35 days
after the date the transaction is entered into. Such income is excluded from gross income in
applying the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. We intend to structure any
hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT. The REIT income and
asset rules may limit our ability to hedge loans or securities acquired as investments.
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income
tests for any taxable year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for such year if we qualify for
relief under certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally
will be available if:
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our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect; and |
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following our identification of the failure to meet one or both gross income tests
for a taxable year, a description of each item of our gross income included in the 75%
or 95% gross income tests is set forth in a schedule for such taxable year filed as
specified by Treasury regulations. |
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We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief
provisions. In addition, as discussed above in Taxation of Our Company, even if the relief
provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the greater of the
amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income tests, multiplied by a fraction intended to
reflect our profitability.
Asset Tests
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the
close of each quarter of each taxable year:
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First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of: |
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cash or cash items, including certain receivables; |
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government securities; |
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interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds; |
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interests in mortgages on real property; |
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stock in other REITs; and |
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investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our
receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or offerings of debt
with at least a five-year term. |
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Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our
interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets. |
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Third, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, we may not own more than
10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers outstanding securities. |
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Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities
of one or more TRSs. |
For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock
in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, or equity
interests in a partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, the term securities does not include:
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Straight debt securities, which is defined as a written unconditional promise to pay
on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible,
directly or indirectly, into stock, and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates
are not contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or similar factors. Straight
debt securities do not include any securities issued by a partnership or a corporation in
which we or any controlled TRS (i.e., a TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more
than 50% of the voting power or value of the stock) hold non-straight debt securities
that have an aggregate value of more than 1% of the issuers outstanding securities.
However, straight debt securities include debt subject to the following contingencies: |
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a contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or principal, as long as
either (i) there is no change to the effective yield of the debt obligation, other than
a change to the annual yield that does not exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5% of the
annual yield, or (ii) neither the aggregate issue price nor the aggregate face amount
of the issuers debt obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no more than 12
months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can be required to be prepaid; and |
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a contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a default or prepayment
of a debt obligation, as long as the contingency is consistent with customary
commercial practice. |
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Any loan to an individual or an estate. |
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Any section 467 rental agreement, other than an agreement with a related party tenant. |
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Any obligation to pay rents from real property. |
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Certain securities issued by governmental entities. |
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Any security issued by a REIT. |
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Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes to the extent of our interest as a partner in the partnership. |
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Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes not described in the preceding bullet points if at least 75% of the partnerships
gross income, excluding income from prohibited transactions, is qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test described above in Income Tests. |
We believe that our existing mezzanine loans that are secured only by ownership interests in
an entity owning real property qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65, pursuant
to which mezzanine loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a
partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the
75% asset test. We may make or acquire some mezzanine loans that are secured only by a first
priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company and
that do not qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 relating to the 75% asset test
and that do not qualify as straight debt for purposes of the 10% value test. We will make or
acquire mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 or as
straight debt securities only to the extent that such loans will not cause us to fail the asset
tests described above.
We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests and will seek
to manage our assets to comply at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances, however,
that we will be successful in this effort. In this regard, to determine our compliance with these
requirements, we will need to estimate the value of the real estate securing our mortgage loans at
various times. In addition, we will have to value our investment in our other assets to ensure
compliance with the asset tests. Although we will seek to be prudent in making these estimates,
there can be no assurances that the IRS might not disagree with these determinations and assert
that a different value is applicable, in which case we might not satisfy the 75% and the other
asset tests and would fail to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end
of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if:
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we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar quarter; and |
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the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose
from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the
acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets. |
If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second item, above, we still could avoid
disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar
quarter in which it arose.
In the event that we violate the second or third asset tests described above at the end of any
calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if (i) the failure is de minimis (up to
the lesser of 1% of our assets or $10 million) and (ii) we dispose of assets or otherwise comply
with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in which we identified
such failure. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests, as long as
the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT
qualification if we (i) dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six
months after the last day of the quarter in which we identified such failure, (ii) file a schedule
with the IRS describing the assets that caused such failure in accordance with regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of Treasury and (iii) pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35%
of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the
asset tests.
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Distribution Requirements
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends and deemed
distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at least equal
to:
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the sum of (1) 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the
dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain, and (2) 90% of our after-tax net
income, if any, from foreclosure property; minus |
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the sum of certain items of non-cash income. |
We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following
taxable year if we declare the distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return for
such year and pay the distribution on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such
declaration. Any dividends declared in the last three months of the taxable year, payable to
stockholders of record on a specified date during such period, will be treated as paid on December
31 of such year if such dividends are distributed during January of the following year.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not
distribute to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or by
the end of January following such calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and
record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
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85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; |
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95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year; and |
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any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, |
we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the
amounts we actually distributed. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term
capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders of Stock. If we
so elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4%
excise tax described above. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual
distribution requirements.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between (1) the
actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, and (2) the inclusion of that
income and deduction of such expenses in arriving at our REIT taxable income. For example, under
some of the percentage leases, the percentage rent is not due until after the end of the calendar
quarter. In that case, we still would be required to recognize as income the excess of the
percentage rent over the base rent paid by the lessee in the calendar quarter to which such excess
relates. In addition, we may not deduct recognized net capital losses from our REIT taxable
income. Further, it is possible that, from time to time, we may be allocated a share of net
capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property that exceeds our allocable share of
cash attributable to that sale. As a result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is
necessary to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the
excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow
funds or issue additional common or preferred shares.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the distribution
requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later year. We may
include such deficiency dividends in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year.
Although we may be able to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will
be required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amount of any deduction we take for
deficiency dividends.
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Recordkeeping Requirements
To avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our
stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding shares of stock. We
intend to comply with such requirements.
Failure to Qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross
income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure.
In addition, there are relief provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests,
as described in Income Tests and Asset Tests.
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applied,
we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and any
applicable alternative minimum tax. In calculating our taxable income in a year in which we failed
to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we
would not be required to distribute any amounts to stockholders in such year. In such event, to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would
be taxable as regular corporate dividends. Subject to certain limitations of the federal income tax
laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction and individual
and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders may be eligible for the reduced U.S.
federal income tax rate of 15% on such dividends. Unless we qualified for relief under specific
statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable
years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot predict whether in
all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory relief.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders
The term U.S. holder means a holder of our securities that for U.S. federal income tax
purposes is a U.S. person. A U.S. person means:
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a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income
tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any of
its states, or the District of Columbia; |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its
source; or |
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any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the
administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control
all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be
treated as a U.S. person. |
If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax
purposes holds our securities, the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership
will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you
are a partner in a partnership holding our securities, you should consult your tax advisor
regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our securities by the
partnership. The following section addresses the treatment of a U.S. holder that holds our stock;
the treatment of a U.S. holder that holds our debt securities is discussed below under Holders of
Debt Securities.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders of Stock
As long as we qualify as a REIT, (1) a taxable U.S. holder of our stock must take into account
distributions that are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits and that we do
not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain as ordinary income, and
(2) a corporate U.S. holder of our stock will not
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qualify for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporations. In addition,
dividends paid to a U.S. holder generally will not qualify for the 15% tax rate (through 2010) for
qualified dividend income. Without future congressional action, the maximum tax rate on qualified
dividend income will move to 39.6% in 2011. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends
from most U.S. corporations but does not generally include REIT dividends. As a result, our
ordinary REIT dividends generally will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to
ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual income tax rate on ordinary income is
35%. However, the 15% tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT
dividends, if any, that are (1) attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT
corporations, such as Ashford TRSs, and (2) attributable to income upon which we have paid
corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income).
In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, a stockholder must
hold our stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60
days before the date on which our stock becomes ex-dividend.
A U.S. holder generally will report distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends
as long-term capital gain without regard to the period for which the U.S. holder has held our
stock. A corporate U.S. holder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain
dividends as ordinary income.
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain that we receive in
a taxable year. In that case, a U.S. holder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our
undistributed long-term capital gain, to the extent that we designate such amount in a timely
notice to such holder. The U.S. holder would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate
share of the tax we paid. The U.S. holder would increase the basis in its stock by the amount of
its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain, minus its share of the tax we
paid.
To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits, such distribution will not be taxable to a U.S. holder to the extent that it does not
exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. holders stock. Instead, such distribution will reduce
the adjusted tax basis of such stock. To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of both
our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. holders adjusted tax basis in its
stock, such stockholder will recognize long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the
stock has been held for one year or less, assuming the stock is a capital asset in the hands of the
U.S. holder. The IRS has ruled that if total distributions for two or more classes of stock are in
excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, dividends must be treated as having been
distributed to those stockholders having a priority under the corporate charter before any
distribution to stockholders with lesser priority. In addition, if we declare a dividend in
October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S. holder of record on a
specified date in any such month, such dividend shall be treated as both paid by us and received by
the U.S. holder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the dividend during
January of the following calendar year.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating
losses or capital losses. Instead, we would carry over such losses for potential offset against our
future income generally. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our stock
will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be
able to apply any passive activity losses, such as losses from certain types of limited
partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such income. In addition,
taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of the stock generally will be treated
as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations.
We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the
distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and
capital gain.
Taxation of U.S. Holders on the Disposition of Stock
In general, a U.S. holder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss
realized upon a taxable disposition of our stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S.
holder has held the stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss.
However, a U.S. holder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of stock held by such
stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any actual or
deemed distributions from us that such U.S. holder previously has characterized as long-term
capital gain. All or a
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portion of any loss that a U.S. holder realizes upon a taxable disposition of the stock may be
disallowed if the U.S. holder purchases the same type of stock within 30 days before or after the
disposition.
Capital Gains and Losses
A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived
from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal
individual income tax rate is currently 35%. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain
applicable to non-corporate taxpayers is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than
one year. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of section 1250
property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain, not otherwise treated
as ordinary, would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were section 1245
property. With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any
retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a
distribution is taxable to our non-corporate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate
differential between capital gain and ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be
significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may
affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not
offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A
non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer
must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct
capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three
years and forward five years.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during
each calendar year and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a
stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the rate of 28% with respect to distributions
unless such holder:
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is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required,
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provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from
backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the
backup withholding rules. |
A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may
be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be
creditable against the stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to
withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their
non-foreign status to us. See Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and
individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they
are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income. While many investments in real
estate generate unrelated business taxable income, the IRS has issued a published ruling that
dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute unrelated
business taxable income, provided that the exempt employee pension trust does not otherwise use the
shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling,
amounts that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should not constitute unrelated
business taxable income. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of
our stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute unrelated
business taxable income pursuant to the debt-financed property rules. Furthermore, social clubs,
voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified
group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of the federal
income tax laws are subject to different unrelated business taxable income rules, which generally
will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as unrelated business
taxable income. Finally, if we are a pension-held REIT, a qualified employee pension or profit
sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our shares of stock is required to treat a percentage of
the dividends that it receives from us as
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unrelated business taxable income. That percentage is equal to the gross income that we derive
from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total
gross income for the year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust
holding more than 10% of our shares of stock only if:
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the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust would be required to treat
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we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no
more than 50% of our stock be owned by five or fewer individuals that allows the
beneficiaries of the pension trust to be treated as holding our stock in proportion to
their actuarial interests in the pension trust (see Requirements for Qualification
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either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock or (2) a
group of pension trusts individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock
collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our stock. |
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The ownership and transfer restrictions in our charter reduce the risk that we may become a
pension-held REIT.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign
corporations, foreign partnerships, and other holders of our securities that are not U.S. persons
(collectively, non-U.S. holders) are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules as
they apply to non-U.S. holders of our stock; a summary of such rules as they apply to non-U.S.
holders of our debt securities is discussed below under Holders of Debt Securities. We urge
non-U.S. holders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, and
local income tax laws on ownership of our stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. holder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our sale
or exchange of U.S. real property interests, as defined below, and that we do not designate as a
capital gain dividend will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay such distribution
out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross
amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply to such distribution unless an applicable tax
treaty reduces or eliminates the tax. However, if a distribution is treated as effectively
connected with the non-U.S. holders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. holder
generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates, in the same
manner as U.S. holders are taxed with respect to such distributions. A non-U.S. holder that is a
corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax with respect to the distribution. We
plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any such distribution
paid to a non-U.S. holder unless either:
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a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. holder files an IRS Form W-8BEN
evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us; or |
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the non-U.S. holder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution
is effectively connected income. |
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A non-U.S. holder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and
accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of such distribution does not exceed the
adjusted basis of its stock. Instead, the excess portion of such distribution will reduce the
adjusted basis of such stock. A non-U.S. holder will be subject to tax on a distribution that
exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted basis of its stock,
if the non-U.S. holder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or disposition of
its stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot determine at the time we make a
distribution whether or not the distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and
profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as
we would withhold on a dividend. However, a non-U.S. holder may obtain a refund of amounts that we
withhold if we later determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated
earnings and profits.
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Unless we are a domestically-controlled REIT, as defined below, we must withhold 10% of any
distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Consequently, although
we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that
we do not do so, we may withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a distribution not subject to
withholding at a rate of 30%.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. holder may incur tax on distributions
that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property interests
under special provisions of the federal income tax laws referred to as FIRPTA. The term United
States real property interests includes certain interests in real property and stock in
corporations at least 50% of whose assets consists of interests in real property. Under those
rules, a non-U.S. holder is taxed on distributions attributable to gain from sales of United States
real property interests as if such gain were effectively connected with a United States business of
the non-U.S. holder. A non-U.S. holder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal
capital gains rates applicable to U.S. holders, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a
special alternative minimum tax in the case of a nonresident alien individual. A non-U.S. corporate
holder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax
on such a distribution. Except as described below with respect to regularly traded stock, we must
withhold 35% of any distribution that we could designate as a capital gain dividend. A non-U.S.
holder may receive a credit against its tax liability for the amount we withhold. Any distribution
with respect to any class of stock which is regularly traded on an established securities market
located in the United States, such as our stock, shall not be treated as gain recognized from the
sale or exchange of a United States real property interest if the non-U.S. holder did not own more
than 5% of such class of stock at any time during the taxable year within which the distribution is
received. The distribution will be treated as an ordinary dividend to the non-U.S. holder and taxed
as an ordinary dividend that is not a capital gain. A non-U.S. holder is not required to file a
U.S. federal income tax return by reason of receiving such a distribution, and the branch profits
tax no longer applies to such a distribution. However, the distribution will be subject to U.S.
federal income tax withholding as an ordinary dividend as described above.
On May 17, 2006, President Bush signed into law the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation
Act of 2005 (TIPRA). TIPRA requires any distribution that is made by a REIT that would otherwise
be subject to FIRPTA because the distribution is attributable to the disposition of a United States
real property interest to retain its character as FIRPTA income when distributed to any regulated
investment company or other REIT, and to be treated as if it were from the disposition of a United
States real property interest by that regulated investment company or other REIT. This provision
of TIPRA applies to distributions with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005.
A wash sale rule is also included in TIPRA for transactions involving certain dispositions of
REIT stock to avoid FIRPTA tax on dispositions of United States real property interests. These
wash sale rules are applicable to transactions occurring on or after the thirtieth day following
the date of enactment of TIPRA.
A non-U.S. holder generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain realized upon
a disposition of our stock as long as we are a domestically-controlled REIT. A
domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period,
less than 50% in value of its shares are held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. holders. We cannot
assure you that that test will be met. However, a non-U.S. holder that owned, actually or
constructively, 5% or less of our stock at all times during a specified testing period will not
incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to any such gain if the stock is regularly traded on an
established securities market. To the extent that our stock will be regularly traded on an
established securities market, a non-U.S. holder will not incur tax under FIRPTA unless it owns
more than 5% of our stock. If the gain on the sale of the stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a non-U.S.
holder would be taxed in the same manner as U.S. holders with respect to such gain, subject to
applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident
alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. holder generally will incur tax on gain not subject to
FIRPTA if (1) the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holders U.S. trade or business,
in which case the non-U.S. holder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with
respect to such gain, or (2) the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present
in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States,
in which case the non-U.S. holder will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains.
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Tax Aspects of Our Investments in the Partnerships
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax considerations applicable to
our direct or indirect investments in the Partnerships. The discussion does not cover state or
local tax laws or any federal tax laws other than income tax laws.
Classification as Partnerships. We are entitled to include in our income our distributive
share of each Partnerships income and to deduct our distributive share of each Partnerships
losses only if such Partnership is classified for federal income tax purposes as a partnership (or
an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or
member), rather than as a corporation or an association taxable as a corporation. An organization
with at least two owners or members will be classified as a partnership, rather than as a
corporation, for federal income tax purposes if it:
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is treated as a partnership under Treasury regulations, effective January 1, 1997,
relating to entity classification (the check-the-box regulations); and |
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is not a publicly traded partnership. |
Under the check-the-box regulations, an unincorporated entity with at least two owners or
members may elect to be classified either as an association taxable as a corporation or as a
partnership. If such an entity fails to make an election, it generally will be treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes. Each Partnership intends to be classified as a
partnership (or an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has
only one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes, and no Partnership will elect to be
treated as an association taxable as a corporation under the check-the-box regulations.
A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose interests are traded on an established
securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent
thereof. A publicly traded partnership will not, however, be treated as a corporation for any
taxable year if 90% or more of the partnerships gross income for such year consists of certain
passive-type income, including real property rents (which includes rents that would be qualifying
income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, with certain modifications that make it easier
for the rents to qualify for the 90% passive income exception), gains from the sale or other
disposition of real property, interest, and dividends (the 90% passive income exception).
Treasury regulations (the PTP regulations) provide limited safe harbors from the definition
of a publicly traded partnership. Pursuant to one of those safe harbors (the private placement
exclusion), interests in a partnership will not be treated as readily tradable on a secondary
market or the substantial equivalent thereof if (1) all interests in the partnership were issued in
a transaction or transactions that were not required to be registered under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended, and (2) the partnership does not have more than 100 partners at any time during
the partnerships taxable year. In determining the number of partners in a partnership, a person
owning an interest in a partnership, grantor trust, or S corporation that owns an interest in the
partnership is treated as a partner in such partnership only if (1) substantially all of the value
of the owners interest in the entity is attributable to the entitys direct or indirect interest
in the partnership and (2) a principal purpose of the use of the entity is to permit the
partnership to satisfy the 100-partner limitation. Each Partnership qualifies for the private
placement exclusion.
We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling from the IRS that the
Partnerships will be classified as partnerships (or disregarded entities, if the entity has only
one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes. If for any reason a Partnership were taxable
as a corporation, rather than as a partnership or a disregarded entity, for federal income tax
purposes, we likely would not be able to qualify as a REIT. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of
Our Status as a REIT Income Tests and Asset Tests. In addition, any change in a
Partnerships status for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which case we might
incur tax liability without any related cash distribution. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of
Our Status as a REIT Distribution Requirements. Further, items of income and deduction of such
Partnership would not pass through to its partners, and its partners would be treated as
stockholders for tax purposes. Consequently, such Partnership
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would be required to pay income tax at corporate rates on its net income, and distributions to
its partners would constitute dividends that would not be deductible in computing such
Partnerships taxable income.
Income Taxation of the Partnerships and Their Partners
Partners, Not the Partnerships, Subject to Tax. A partnership is not a taxable entity for
federal income tax purposes. Rather, we are required to take into account our allocable share of
each Partnerships income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for any taxable year of such
Partnership ending within or with our taxable year, without regard to whether we have received or
will receive any distribution from such Partnership.
Partnership Allocations. Although a partnership agreement generally will determine the
allocation of income and losses among partners, such allocations will be disregarded for tax
purposes if they do not comply with the provisions of the federal income tax laws governing
partnership allocations. If an allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes, the
item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners interests in
the partnership, which will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances
relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Each Partnerships
allocations of taxable income, gain, and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of the
federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations.
Tax Allocations With Respect to Contributed Properties. Income, gain, loss, and deduction
attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in
exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner such that the
contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or
unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of such
unrealized gain or unrealized loss (built-in gain or built-in loss) is generally equal to the
difference between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution
and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a book-tax difference).
Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital
accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The U.S. Treasury Department
has issued regulations requiring partnerships to use a reasonable method for allocating items
with respect to which there is a book-tax difference and outlining several reasonable allocation
methods.
Under our operating partnerships partnership agreement, depreciation or amortization
deductions of the operating partnership generally will be allocated among the partners in
accordance with their respective interests in the operating partnership, except to the extent that
the operating partnership is required under the federal income tax laws governing partnership
allocations to use a method for allocating tax depreciation deductions attributable to contributed
properties that results in our receiving a disproportionate share of such deductions. In addition,
gain or loss on the sale of a property that has been contributed, in whole or in part, to the
operating partnership will be specially allocated to the contributing partners to the extent of any
built-in gain or loss with respect to such property for federal income tax purposes.
Basis in Partnership Interest. Our adjusted tax basis in our partnership interest in the
operating partnership generally is equal to:
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the amount of cash and the basis of any other property contributed by us to the
operating partnership; |
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increased by our allocable share of the operating partnerships income and our
allocable share of indebtedness of the operating partnership; and |
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reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of the operating partnerships
loss and the amount of cash distributed to us, and by constructive distributions
resulting from a reduction in our share of indebtedness of the operating partnership. |
If the allocation of our distributive share of the operating partnerships loss would reduce
the adjusted tax basis of our partnership interest in the operating partnership below zero, the
recognition of such loss will be deferred until such time as the recognition of such loss would not
reduce our adjusted tax basis below zero. To the extent that the operating partnerships
distributions, or any decrease in our share of the indebtedness of the operating
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partnership, which is considered a constructive cash distribution to the partners, reduce our
adjusted tax basis below zero, such distributions will constitute taxable income to us. Such
distributions and constructive distributions normally will be characterized as long-term capital
gain.
Depreciation Deductions Available to the Operating Partnership. To the extent that the
operating partnership acquires its hotels in exchange for cash, its initial basis in such hotels
for federal income tax purposes generally was or will be equal to the purchase price paid by the
operating partnership. The operating partnership depreciates such depreciable hotel property under
either the modified accelerated cost recovery system of depreciation (MACRS) or the alternative
depreciation system of depreciation (ADS). The operating partnership uses MACRS for furnishings
and equipment. Under MACRS, the operating partnership generally depreciates such furnishings and
equipment over a seven-year recovery period using a 200% declining balance method and a half-year
convention. If, however, the operating partnership places more than 40% of its furnishings and
equipment in service during the last three months of a taxable year, a mid-quarter depreciation
convention must be used for the furnishings and equipment placed in service during that year. The
operating partnership uses ADS for buildings and improvements. Under ADS, the operating partnership
generally depreciates such buildings and improvements over a 40-year recovery period using a
straight-line method and a mid-month convention.
To the extent that the operating partnership acquires hotels in exchange for its units of
limited partnership interest, its initial basis in each hotel for federal income tax purposes
should be the same as the transferors basis in that hotel on the date of acquisition. Although the
law is not entirely clear, the operating partnership generally depreciates such depreciable
property for federal income tax purposes over the same remaining useful lives and under the same
methods used by the transferors. The operating partnerships tax depreciation deductions are
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective interests in the operating
partnership, except to the extent that the operating partnership is required under the federal
income tax laws to use a method for allocating depreciation deductions attributable to the hotels
or other contributed properties that results in our receiving a disproportionately large share of
such deductions.
Sale of a Partnerships Property
Generally, any gain realized by us or a Partnership on the sale of property held for more than
one year will be long-term capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is treated as
depreciation or cost recovery recapture. Any gain or loss recognized by a Partnership on the
disposition of contributed properties will be allocated first to the partners who contributed such
properties to the extent of their built-in gain or loss on those properties for federal income tax
purposes. The partners built-in gain or loss on such contributed properties will equal the
difference between the partners proportionate share of the book value of those properties and the
partners tax basis allocable to those properties at the time of the contribution. Any remaining
gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the contributed properties, and
any gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the other properties, will be
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests in the
Partnership.
Our share of any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of any property held by the
Partnership as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of the Partnerships trade or business will be treated as income from a prohibited
transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. Such prohibited transaction income also may have
an adverse effect upon our ability to satisfy the income tests for REIT status. See Federal Income
Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Income Tests. We, however, do not presently intend to
acquire or hold or to allow any Partnership to acquire or hold any property that represents
inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our or
such Partnerships trade or business.
Conversion of Preferred Stock
Conversion of Preferred Stock into Common Stock
In general, no gain or loss will be recognized for federal income tax purposes upon conversion
of the preferred stock solely into shares of common stock. The basis that a stockholder will have
for tax purposes in the shares of common stock received upon conversion will be equal to the
adjusted basis for the stockholder in the
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shares of preferred stock so converted, and provided that the shares of preferred stock were
held as a capital asset, the holding period for the shares of common stock received would include
the holding period for the shares of preferred stock converted. A stockholder will, however,
generally recognize gain or loss on the receipt of cash in lieu of fractional shares of common
stock in an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash received and the
stockholders adjusted basis for tax purposes in the preferred stock for which cash was received.
Furthermore, under certain circumstances, a stockholder of shares of preferred stock may recognize
gain or dividend income to the extent that there are dividends in arrears on the shares at the time
of conversion into common stock.
Adjustments to Conversion Price
Adjustments in the conversion price, or the failure to make such adjustments, pursuant to the
anti-dilution provisions of the preferred stock or otherwise, may result in constructive
distributions to the stockholders of preferred stock that could, under certain circumstances, be
taxable to them as dividends pursuant to Section 305 of the Code. If such a constructive
distribution were to occur, a stockholder of preferred stock could be required to recognize
ordinary income for tax purposes without receiving a corresponding distribution of cash.
Warrants
Upon the exercise of a warrant for common stock, a holder will not recognize gain or loss and
will have a tax basis in the common stock received equal to the tax basis in such stockholders
warrant plus the exercise price of the warrant. The holding period for the common stock purchased
pursuant to the exercise of a warrant will begin on the day following the date of exercise and will
not include the period that the stockholder held the warrant.
Upon a sale or other disposition of a warrant, a holder will recognize capital gain or loss in
an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the holders tax basis in the
warrant. Such a gain or loss will be long term if the holding period is more than one year. In the
event that a warrant lapses unexercised, a holder will recognize a capital loss in an amount equal
to his tax basis in the warrant. Such loss will be long term if the warrant has been held for more
than one year.
Holders of Debt Securities
U.S. Holders
Payments of Interest. In general, except as described below under Original Issue Discount,
interest on debt securities will be taxable to a U.S. holder as ordinary income at the time it
accrues or is received, in accordance with the U.S. holders regular method of accounting for
United States federal income tax purposes. In general, if the terms of a debt instrument entitle a
holder to receive payments other than qualified stated interest (generally, stated interest that
is unconditionally payable in cash or in property (other than debt instruments of the issuer) at
least annually at a single fixed or qualifying floating rate), such holder might be required to
recognize additional interest as original issue discount over the term of the instrument.
Original Issue Discount. If you own debt securities issued with original issue discount
(OID), you will be subject to special tax accounting rules, as described in greater detail below.
In that case, you should be aware that you generally must include OID in gross income in advance of
the receipt of cash attributable to that income. However, you generally will not be required to
include separately in income cash payments received on the debt securities, even if denominated as
interest, to the extent those payments do not constitute qualified stated interest, as defined
below. If we determine that a particular debt security will be an OID debt security, we will
disclose that determination in the prospectus supplement or supplements relating to those debt
securities.
A debt security with an issue price that is less than the stated redemption price at
maturity (the sum of all payments to be made on the debt security other than qualified stated
interest) generally will be issued with OID if that difference is at least 0.25% of the stated
redemption price at maturity multiplied by the number of complete years to maturity. The issue
price of each debt security in a particular offering will be the first price at which a
substantial amount of that particular offering is sold to the public. The term qualified stated
interest means stated
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interest that is unconditionally payable in cash or in property, other than debt instruments
of the issuer, and the interest to be paid meets all of the following conditions:
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it is payable at least once per year; |
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it is payable over the entire term of the debt security; and |
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it is payable at a single fixed rate or, subject to certain conditions, based on one
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If we determine that particular debt securities of a series will bear interest that is not
qualified stated interest, we will disclose that determination in the prospectus supplement or
supplements relating to those debt securities.
If you own a debt security issued with de minimis OID, which is discount that is not OID
because it is less than 0.25% of the stated redemption price at maturity multiplied by the number
of complete years to maturity, you generally must include the de minimis OID in income at the time
principal payments on the debt securities are made in proportion to the amount paid. Any amount of
de minimis OID that you have included in income will be treated as capital gain.
Certain of the debt securities may contain provisions permitting them to be redeemed prior to
their stated maturity at our option and/or at your option. OID debt securities containing those
features may be subject to rules that differ from the general rules discussed herein. If you are
considering the purchase of OID debt securities with those features, you should carefully examine
the applicable prospectus supplement or supplements and should consult your own tax advisors with
respect to those features since the tax consequences to you with respect to OID will depend, in
part, on the particular terms and features of the debt securities.
If you own OID debt securities with a maturity upon issuance of more than one year you
generally must include OID in income in advance of the receipt of some or all of the related cash
payments using the constant yield method described in the following paragraphs. This method takes
into account the compounding of interest.
The amount of OID that you must include in income if you are the initial U.S. holder of an OID
debt security is the sum of the daily portions of OID with respect to the debt security for each
day during the taxable year or portion of the taxable year in which you held that debt security
(accrued OID). The daily portion is determined by allocating to each day in any accrual period
a pro rata portion of the OID allocable to that accrual period. The accrual period for an OID
debt security may be of any length and may vary in length over the term of the debt security,
provided that each accrual period is no longer than one year and each scheduled payment of
principal or interest occurs on the first day or the final day of an accrual period. The amount of
OID allocable to any accrual period is an amount equal to the excess, if any, of:
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the debt securitys adjusted issue price at the beginning of the accrual period
multiplied by its yield to maturity, determined on the basis of compounding at the
close of each accrual period and properly adjusted for the length of the accrual
period, over |
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the aggregate of all qualified stated interest allocable to the accrual period. |
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OID allocable to a final accrual period is the difference between the amount payable at
maturity, other than a payment of qualified stated interest, and the adjusted issue price at the
beginning of the final accrual period. Special rules will apply for calculating OID for an initial
short accrual period. The adjusted issue price of a debt security at the beginning of any accrual
period is equal to its issue price increased by the accrued OID for each prior accrual period,
determined without regard to the amortization of any acquisition or bond premium, as described
below, and reduced by any payments made on the debt security (other than qualified stated interest)
on or before the first day of the accrual period. Under these rules, you will generally have to
include in income increasingly greater amounts of OID in successive accrual periods. We are
required to provide information returns stating the amount of OID accrued on debt securities held
of record by persons other than corporations and other exempt holders.
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Floating rate debt securities are subject to special OID rules. In the case of an OID debt
security that is a floating rate debt security, both the yield to maturity and qualified stated
interest will be determined solely for purposes of calculating the accrual of OID as though the
debt security will bear interest in all periods at a fixed rate generally equal to the rate that
would be applicable to interest payments on the debt security on its date of issue or, in the case
of certain floating rate debt securities, the rate that reflects the yield to maturity that is
reasonably expected for the debt security. Additional rules may apply if either:
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the interest on a floating rate debt security is based on more than one interest index; or |
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the principal amount of the debt security is indexed in any manner. |
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This discussion does not address the tax rules applicable to debt securities with an indexed
principal amount. If you are considering the purchase of floating rate OID debt securities or
securities with indexed principal amounts, you should carefully examine the prospectus supplement
or supplements relating to those debt securities, and should consult your own tax advisors
regarding the United States federal income tax consequences to you of holding and disposing of
those debt securities.
You may elect to treat all interest on any debt securities as OID and calculate the amount
includible in gross income under the constant yield method described above. For purposes of this
election, interest includes stated interest, acquisition discount, OID, de minimis OID, market
discount, de minimis market discount and unstated interest, as adjusted by any amortizable bond
premium or acquisition premium. You must make this election for the taxable year in which you
acquired the debt security, and you may not revoke the election without the consent of the IRS. You
should consult with your own tax advisors about this election.
Market Discount. If you purchase a debt security for less than the stated redemption price of
the debt security at maturity, if the debt security was issued without OID, or the adjusted issue
price, if the debt security was issued with OID, the difference is considered market discount to
the extent it exceeds a specified de minimis exception. Under the de minimis exception, market
discount is treated as zero if the market discount is less than 1/4 of one percent of the stated
redemption price of the debt security multiplied by the number of complete years to maturity from
the date acquired. If you acquire a debt security at a market discount, you will be required to
treat as ordinary income any partial principal payment or gain recognized on the disposition of
that debt security to the extent of the market discount which has not previously been included in
your income and is treated as having accrued at the time of the payment or disposition. In
addition, you may be required to defer the deduction of a portion of the interest on any
indebtedness incurred or maintained to purchase or carry the debt security until the debt security
is disposed of in a taxable transaction, unless you elect to include market discount in income as
it accrues.
Any market discount will be considered to accrue ratably during the period from the date of
acquisition to the maturity date of the debt security, unless you elect to accrue on a constant
interest method. You may elect to include market discount in income currently as it accrues on
either a ratable or constant interest method, in which case the rule described above regarding
deferral of interest deductions will not apply. This election to include market discount in income
currently, once made, applies to all market discount obligations acquired on or after the first
taxable year to which the election applies and may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS.
Amortizable Premium. If you purchase a debt security for an amount in excess of the sum of
all amounts payable on the debt security after the purchase date other than qualified stated
interest, you will be considered to have purchased the debt security with amortizable bond premium
equal to the amount of that excess. You generally may elect to amortize the premium using a
constant yield method over the remaining term of the debt security. The amount amortized in any
year will be treated as a reduction of your interest income from the debt security. If you do not
elect to amortize bond premium, that premium will decrease the gain or increase the loss you would
otherwise recognize on disposition of the debt security. This election to amortize premium on a
constant yield method will also apply to all debt obligations you hold or subsequently acquire on
or after the first taxable year to which the election applies and may not be revoked without the
consent of the IRS.
64
Sale, Exchange and Retirement of Debt Securities. Your tax basis in the debt securities that
you beneficially own will, in general, be your cost for those debt securities increased by OID and
market discount that you previously included in income, and reduced by any amortized premium and
any cash payments received with respect to that debt security other than payments of qualified
stated interest.
Upon your sale, exchange, retirement or other taxable disposition of the debt securities, you
will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount you realize upon the sale,
exchange, retirement or other disposition (less an amount equal to any accrued stated interest that
will be treated as a payment of interest for U.S. federal income tax purposes if not previously
taken into income ) and your adjusted tax basis in the debt securities. Except as described above
with respect to market discount with respect to gain or loss attributable to changes in exchange
rates as described below with respect to foreign currency debt securities, that gain or loss will
be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of individuals derived in respect of capital assets held for
more than one year are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses
is subject to limitations.
Extendible Debt Securities, Renewable Debt Securities and Reset Debt Securities. If so
specified in the prospectus supplement or supplements relating to the debt securities of a series,
we or you may have the option to extend the maturity of those debt securities. In addition, we may
have the option to reset the interest rate, the spread or the spread multiplier.
The United States federal income tax treatment of a debt security with respect to which such
an option has been exercised is unclear and will depend, in part, on the terms established for such
debt securities by us pursuant to the exercise of the option. You may be treated for federal income
tax purposes as having exchanged your debt securities for new debt securities with revised terms.
If this is the case, you would realize gain or loss equal to the difference between the issue price
of the new debt securities and your tax basis in the old debt securities.
If the exercise of the option is not treated as an exchange of old debt securities for new
debt securities, you will not recognize gain or loss as a result of such exchange.
The presence of such options may also affect the calculation of OID, among other things.
Solely for purposes of the accrual of OID, if we issue debt securities and have an option or
combination of options to extend the term of those debt securities, we will be presumed to exercise
such option or options in a manner that minimizes the yield on those debt securities. Conversely,
if you are treated as having a put option, such an option will be presumed to be exercised in a
manner that maximizes the yield on those debt securities. If we exercise such option or options to
extend the term of those debt securities, or your option to put does not occur (contrary to the
assumptions made), then solely for purposes of the accrual of OID, those debt securities will be
treated as reissued on the date of the change in circumstances for an amount equal to their
adjusted issue price on the date.
You should carefully examine the prospectus supplement or supplements relating to any such
debt securities, and should consult your own tax advisor regarding the United States federal income
tax consequences of the holding and disposition of such debt securities.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. In general, information reporting requirements
will apply to certain payments of principal, premium, if any, redemption price, if any, OID, if
any, interest and other amounts paid to you on the debt securities and to the proceeds of sales of
the debt securities made to you unless you are an exempt recipient (such as a corporation). A
backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a correct taxpayer
identification number or certification of exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and
interest income.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a
credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely
furnished to the IRS.
Non-U.S. Holders
The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences
that generally will apply to you if you are a non-U.S. holder of debt securities.
65
U.S. Federal Withholding Tax. The 30% U.S. federal withholding tax will not apply to any
payment of principal of and, under the portfolio interest rule, interest, including OID, on the
debt securities, provided that:
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you do not actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting
power of all classes of our voting stock within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3) of the
Code and related U.S. Treasury regulations; |
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you are not a controlled foreign corporation that is related to us through stock
ownership; |
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you are not a bank whose receipt of interest on the debt securities is described in
Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code; |
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the interest is not considered contingent interest under Section 871(h)(4)(A) of the
Code and the related U.S. Treasury regulations; and |
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you provide your name and address on an IRS Form W-8BEN (or successor form), and
certify, under penalty of perjury, that you are not a U.S. person or (2) you hold your
debt securities through certain foreign intermediaries, and you satisfy the
certification requirements of applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. Special
certification rules apply to certain non-U.S. holders that are entities rather than
individuals. |
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If you cannot satisfy the requirements described above, payments of premium, if any, and
interest, including OID, made to you will be subject to the 30% U.S. federal withholding tax (which
will be deducted from such interest payments by the paying agent), unless you provide us with a
properly executed:
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IRS Form W-8BEN (or successor form) claiming an exemption from or reduction in the
rate of withholding under the benefit of an applicable tax treaty; or |
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IRS Form W-8ECI (or successor form) stating that interest paid on the debt
securities is not subject to withholding tax because it is effectively connected with
your conduct of a trade or business in the United States as discussed below. |
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Special certification rules apply to non-U.S. holders that are pass-through entities rather
than corporations or individuals. The 30% U.S. federal withholding tax generally will not apply to
any payment of principal that you realize on the sale, exchange, retirement or other taxable
disposition of any of the debt securities.
U.S. Federal Income Tax. If you are engaged in a trade or business in the United States and
premium, if any, and interest, including OID, on the debt securities is effectively connected with
the conduct of that trade or business, you will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on that
premium, if any, and interest, including OID, on a net income basis (although you will be exempt
from the 30% withholding tax, provided the certification requirements discussed above are
satisfied) in the same manner as if you were a U.S. person. In addition, if you are a foreign
corporation, you may be subject to a branch profits tax equal to 30% (or lower applicable treaty
rate) of your earnings and profits for the taxable year, subject to adjustments, that are
effectively connected with the conduct by you of a trade or business in the United States. For this
purpose, premium, if any, and interest, including OID, on debt securities will be included in your
earnings and profits.
Any gain realized on the disposition of debt securities generally will not be subject to U.S.
federal income tax unless:
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that gain is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the
United States and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a
U.S. permanent establishment; or |
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you are an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in
the taxable year of that disposition and certain other conditions are met. |
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66
U.S. Federal Estate Tax. Your estate will not be subject to U.S. federal estate tax on the
debt securities beneficially owned by you at the time of your death, provided that any payment to
you on the debt securities, including OID, would be eligible for exemption from the 30% U.S.
federal withholding tax under the portfolio interest rule described above under U.S. Federal
Withholding Tax, without regard to the certification requirement described in the fifth bullet
point of that section.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. Generally, we must report to the IRS and to you
the amount of interest, including OID, on the debt securities paid to you and the amount of tax, if
any, withheld with respect to such payments. Copies of the information returns reporting such
interest payments and any withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the
country in which you reside under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty.
In general, backup withholding will not apply to payments that we make or any of our paying
agents (in its capacity as such) makes to you if you have provided the required certification that
you are a non-U.S. holder as described above and provided that neither we nor any of our paying
agents has actual knowledge or reason to know that you are a U.S. holder (as described above).
In addition, you will not be subject to backup withholding and information reporting with
respect to the proceeds of the sale of debt securities within the United States or conducted
through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries, if the payor receives the statement
described above and does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that you are a U.S. person, as
defined under the Code, or you otherwise establish an exemption.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a
credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely
furnished to the IRS.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
As described above, we own 100% of the stock of two TRSs, Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford
TRS VI Corporation. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation for which a TRS election is properly made.
A TRS may lease hotels from us under certain circumstances, provide services to our tenants, and
perform activities unrelated to our tenants, such as third-party management, development, and other
independent business activities. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than
35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no
more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs, and no more
than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other assets that are
not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels or health care facilities or
provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated.
However, rents received by us from a TRS pursuant to a hotel lease will qualify as rents from real
property as long as the hotel is operated on behalf of the TRS by a person who satisfies the
following requirements:
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such person is, or is related to a person who is, actively engaged in the trade or
business of operating qualified lodging facilities for any person unrelated to us and
the TRS; |
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such person does not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35% of our stock; |
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no more than 35% of such person is owned, directly or indirectly, by one or more
persons owning 35% or more of our stock; and |
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we do not directly or indirectly derive any income from such person. |
A qualified lodging facility is a hotel, motel, or other establishment more than one-half of
the dwelling units in which are used on a transient basis, unless wagering activities are conducted
at or in connection with such facility by any person who is engaged in the business of accepting
wagers and who is legally authorized to engage in such business at or in connection with such
facility. A qualified lodging facility includes customary amenities and
67
facilities operated as part of, or associated with, the lodging facility as long as such
amenities and facilities are customary for other properties of a comparable size and class owned by
other unrelated owners.
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to us to assure
that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a
100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or our tenants that are not conducted on an
arms-length basis.
We have formed and made a timely election with respect to Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford
TRS VI Corporation, which lease each of our properties not owned by a TRS. Additionally, we may
form or acquire additional TRSs in the future.
State and Local Taxes
We and/or you may be subject to state and local tax in various states and localities,
including those states and localities in which we or you transact business, own property, or
reside. The state and local tax treatment in such jurisdictions may differ from the federal income
tax treatment described above. Consequently, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the
effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our securities.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell our securities domestically or abroad, through underwriters, dealers or agents, or
directly, or through any combination of those methods. The applicable prospectus supplement will
describe the terms of the offering that it applies to, including the names of any underwriters,
dealers or agents, the purchase price for our securities, and the proceeds we expect to receive. It
will also include any delayed delivery arrangements, any underwriting discounts and other items
constituting underwriters compensation, the initial public offering price, any discounts or
concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers, and a list of any securities exchanges on
which the securities offered may be listed.
If we use underwriters in any sale, our securities will be purchased by the underwriters or
dealers for their own account and may be resold from time to time in one or more transactions,
including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined
at the time of sale. Our securities may be offered to the public either through underwriting
syndicates represented by one or more managing underwriters or directly by one or more firms acting
as underwriters. The underwriters with respect to a particular underwritten offering will be named
in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to that offering. If an underwriting syndicate is
used, the managing underwriter or underwriters will be disclosed on the cover of the applicable
prospectus supplement. Generally, the obligations of the underwriters or agents to purchase the
securities that we offer will be subject to conditions precedent, and the underwriters will have to
purchase all of the offered securities if any are purchased. The initial public offering price and
any discounts or concessions allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to
time. In no event will the maximum commission or discount to be received by any NASD member or
independent broker-dealer exceed 8% for the sale of the securities registered hereunder.
If we use dealers to sell our securities, we will sell our securities to the dealers as
principals. The dealers may then resell our securities to the public at varying prices that they
determine at the time of resale. We will disclose the names of the dealers and the terms of the
transaction in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We may sell the securities through agents that we designate from time to time at fixed prices
that may be changed, or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. We will name any agent
involved in the offer or sale of our securities and specify any commissions that we will pay them.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, any agent will be acting on a
best efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
Underwriters or agents may be paid by us or by purchasers of our securities for whom they act
as agents in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters, agents and dealers
participating in the distribution of our securities may all be deemed to be underwriters, and any
discounts or commissions that they receive, as well as profit they receive on the resale of our
securities, may be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act of
1933.
68
A prospectus supplement may indicate that we will authorize agents, underwriters or dealers to
solicit from specified types of institutions offers to purchase our securities at the public
offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts
permitting payment and delivery on a specified future date. The prospectus supplement will describe
conditions of any delayed delivery contracts, as well as the commission we will pay for
solicitation of these contracts.
Some or all of the securities that we offer though this prospectus may be new issues of
securities with no established trading market. Any underwriters to whom we sell our securities for
public offering and sale may make a market in those securities, but they will not be obligated to
and they may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. Accordingly, we cannot
assure you of the liquidity of, or continued trading markets for, any securities that we offer.
In order to facilitate the offering of our securities, any underwriters or agents involved in
the offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of
our securities, or other securities that affect payments on our securities. Specifically, the
underwriters or agents may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a short position for
their own account. In addition, to cover overallotments or to stabilize the price of our
securities, or other securities that affect payments on our securities, the underwriters or agents
may bid for and purchase the securities in the open market. In any offering of our securities
through a syndicate of underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling concessions
allowed to an underwriter or dealer for distributing our securities if the syndicate repurchases
previously distributed securities in transactions to cover syndicate short positions, in
stabilizing transactions or otherwise. Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market
price of our securities above independent market levels. The underwriters or agents are not
required to engage in these activities, and may end any of these activities at any time.
Agents, dealers and underwriters may be entitled to be indemnified by us against specified
civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, or to contribution with
respect to payments that they may be required to make.
Any underwriters, dealers or agents that we use, as well as their affiliates, may engage in
transactions with us or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.
EXPERTS
The consolidated and combined financial statements of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the
predecessor appearing in Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.s Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year
ended December 31, 2005 (including schedules appearing therein), and Ashford Hospitality Trust,
Inc. managements assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as
of December 31, 2005 included therein, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent
registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included therein, and
incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statements and managements assessment are
incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority of such firm
as experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined historical summaries of revenue and direct operating expenses of Historic Inns in
Annapolis, Maryland, Holiday Inn in Coral Gables, Florida, Inn on the Square, Falmouth,
Massachusetts, Ramada Regency Inn, Hyannis, Massachusetts, Crowne Plaza in Key West, Florida,
Sheraton in Minnetonka, Minnesota, Radisson in Rockland, Massachusetts, Gull Wing Suites, South
Yarmouth, Massachusetts, Ramada Inn, Warner Robins, Georgia, Best Western, Dallas, Texas, Radisson
in Ft. Worth, Texas, Crowne Plaza in Los Angeles, California, Radisson Airport in Indianapolis,
Indiana, Radisson City Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, Radisson in Milford, Massachusetts, Embassy
Suites in Houston, Texas, Nassau Bay Hilton in Nassau Bay, Texas, Hilton in St. Petersburg, Florida
and Embassy Suites and Admiralty Office Building in Palm Beach, Florida, Howard Johnson in Commack,
New York and Howard Johnson in Westbury, New York incorporated by reference into this prospectus,
have been audited by Berdon LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in their report, which is also
incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and are included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
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The balance sheets of RST4 Tenant, LLC as of August 6, 2004, January 2, 2004 and January 3,
2003, and the related statements of operations, cash flows and members capital for the period
January 3, 2004 through August 6, 2004 and the fiscal years ended January 2, 2004 and January 3,
2003, incorporated by reference into this prospectus, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP,
independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report, which is also
incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and is included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The audited historical financial statements of Crystal City Courtyard by Marriott, the CNL
Hotels and the RFS Hotels included in our Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on August 30, 2005,
have been incorporated by reference into the prospectus in reliance on the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent
certified public accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and
accounting which reports are also incorporated by reference into this
prospectus.
The
combined financial statements of Marriott at Research Triangle Park as of December 30, 2005 for the fiscal year then
ended have been incorporated by reference into this
prospectus and in the registration statement in reliance upon the
report of KPMG, LLP, independent accountants, incorporated by
reference into this prospectus, and upon the
authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The
consolidated balance sheets of W2001 Pac Realty Mezzanine, L.L.C., as of December 31,
2004 and 2003 and the related consolidated statements of operations, members capital and cash
flows for the year ended December 31, 2004 and for the period from August 1, 2003 (inception)
through December 31, 2003, incorporated by reference into this prospectus, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public
accounting firm, as set forth in their report, which is also incorporated by reference into this
prospectus, and is included in reliance upon such report
given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The audited historical financial statements of W2001 Pac Realty Mezzanine, L.L.C., included in
our Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on June 30, 2006, have
been incorporated by reference into the prospectus in reliance on
the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent certified public accountants, given on the
authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting which
reports are also incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
The audited balance sheets of Crystal Gateway Marriott as of December 30, 2005 and
December 31, 2004, and the related statements of operations, changes in owners deficit and cash
flows for the years ended December 30, 2005, December 31, 2004 and January 2, 2004, included in our
Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 12, 2006, have been incorporated by reference into this
prospectus in reliance on the reports of Beers & Cutler PLLC, independent certified public
accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting, which
reports are also incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Andrews
Kurth LLP, Dallas, Texas. In addition, the description of federal income tax consequences
contained in the section of the prospectus entitled Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status
as a REIT is based on the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP. Certain
legal matters related to the offering will be passed upon for the
underwriters by DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP. Certain Maryland law matters in
connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore,
Maryland. Andrews Kurth LLP and DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP will rely on the opinion of Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore,
Maryland as to all matters of Maryland law. The wife of Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief Financial
Officer, is a partner at Andrews Kurth.
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution
The following table itemizes the expenses incurred by us in connection with the issuance and
registration of the securities being registered hereunder. All amounts shown are estimates except
the Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee.
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SEC Registration Fee |
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$ |
74,385 |
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NYSE Fees |
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5,000 |
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Printing Expenses |
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100,000 |
* |
Legal Fees and Expenses |
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300,000 |
* |
Blue Sky Fees and Expenses |
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15,000 |
* |
Accounting and Fees and Expenses |
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100,000 |
* |
Trustees Fees and Expenses |
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15,000 |
* |
Miscellaneous |
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10,615 |
* |
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Total |
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620,000 |
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Fees are estimates only. |
Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide for indemnification of our officers and
directors against liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as amended from time to
time.
The MGCL requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our companys
charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or
otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party by reason of his or
her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former
directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and
reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may
be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established
that:
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an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and: |
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was committed in bad faith; or |
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was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to
believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a
suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that
personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court orders indemnification and
then only for expenses. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses
to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his good faith belief that he has
met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and |
II - 1
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a written undertaking by the director or on the directors behalf to repay the amount
paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director did
not meet the standard of conduct. |
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the
liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money,
property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being
material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision which eliminates such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to
time, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement
to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a
proceeding to:
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any present or former director or officer who is made a party to the proceeding by
reason of his or her service in that capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request,
serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint
venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer,
partner or trustee of such corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, |
Our charter and bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who
served a predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described above and to any employee or agent
of our company or a predecessor of our company.
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that we, as general partner,
and our officers and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons
controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the
opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
II - 2
Item 16. Exhibits.
The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this
registration statement on Form S-3:
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Exhibit |
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Number |
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Description of Exhibit |
*1.1
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Form of Underwriting Agreement |
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4.1
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Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 on
Form S-11/A, filed on August 20, 2003, No. 333-105277) |
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*4.2
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Form of Indenture |
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*4.3
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Form of Debt Security |
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*4.4
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Form of Warrant Agreement |
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4.5
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Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Charter of the Company
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form S-11 /A, filed on July 31,
2003, No. 333-105277) |
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4.6
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Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2 of Form S-11/A, filed on July 31, 2003, No. 333-105277) |
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4.7
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Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 3.2.2 to the registrants Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 2003) |
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4.8
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Articles Supplementary classifying 3,000,000 shares of preferred stock as
8.55% Series A Cumulative Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.4 to the registrants Form 8-K, dated September 15, 2004, for the
event dated September 21, 2004) |
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4.9
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Articles Supplementary classifying 7,447,865 shares of preferred stock as
Series B-1 Cumulative Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registrants Form 8-K, dated January 4, 2005,
for the event dated December 28, 2004) |
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#5.1
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Opinion of Andrews Kurth with respect to the legality of debt securities and
warrants being registered |
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#5.2
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Opinion of Hogan & Hartson with respect to the legality of the common stock
and preferred stock being registered |
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#8.1
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Opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP with respect to tax matters |
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#12.1
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Statement regarding Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges |
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#23.1
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Consent of Andrews Kurth (included
in Exhibits 5.1 and 8.1) |
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#23.2
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Consent of Hogan & Hartson
(included in Exhibit 5.2) |
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#23.3
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Consent of Ernst & Young LLP |
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**23.4
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Consent of Berdon LLP |
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23.5
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Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (previously filed, in part, and
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.1 to form 8-K/A, filed on June 30,
2006, in part) |
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23.6
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Consent of KPMG LLP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.1 to Form 8-K/A,
filed in May 9, 2006, No. 001-31775) |
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23.7
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Consent of Beers & Cutler PLLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.1 to
Form 8-K, filed on July 12, 2006, No. 001-31775) |
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**24.1
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Power of Attorney |
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*25.1
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Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility of the Trustee |
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* |
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To be filed as an exhibit to a current report of the registrant on Form 8-K in connection
with the offering of securities hereunder and incorporated by reference herein. |
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** |
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Previously filed. |
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# |
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Filed herewith. |
II - 3
Item 17. Undertakings.
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a
post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of
1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date
of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which,
individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set
forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or
decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered
would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of
the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with
the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price
represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth
in the Calculation of Registration Fee table in the effective registration statement; and
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not
previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such
information in this registration statement;
provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) do not apply if the information
required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in
reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13
or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference
in the registration statement or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule
424(b) that is part of this registration statement.
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of
1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time
shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the
securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to
any purchaser:
(i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed
to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part
of and included in the registration statement; and
(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7)
as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B for the purpose of providing
the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to
be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such
form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of
sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B,
for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter,
such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating
to the securities in the registration statement to which the prospectus relates, and the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide
offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or
prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or
deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or
II - 4
prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a
time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement
that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration
statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.
(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the
Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, in a
primary offering of securities of the registrant pursuant to this registration statement,
regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the
securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following
communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be
considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the registrant relating to the offering
required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of
the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the registrant;
(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering
containing material information about an undersigned registrant or its securities provided
by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the registrant to
the purchaser.
(b) The registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability
under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrants annual report pursuant to
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each
filing of an employee benefit plans annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration
statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the
initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933
may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant
to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the
opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public
policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim
for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of
expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in
the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director,
officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the
registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by
controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether
such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be
governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(d) The undersigned registrant hereby further undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of
1933 the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this
registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of
prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) under the
Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement
as of the time it was declared effective.
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act
of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall
be deemed to be a
II - 5
new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and
the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide offering thereof.
(e) The undersigned registrant hereby further undertakes to file an application for the
purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section
310 of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by
the Commission under Section 305(b)(2) of the Act.
II - 6
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant
certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that the registrant meets all of the
requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Amendment No. 1 to Form S-3
Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in
the City of Dallas, State of Texas, on this 11th day of July, 2006.
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. |
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By: |
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/s/ David Kimichik |
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David Kimichik
Chief Financial Officer
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II - 7
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration
Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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Signature |
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Title |
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Date |
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*
Archie Bennett, Jr.
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Chairman of the Board of
Directors
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July 13, 2006 |
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*
Montgomery J. Bennett
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Chief Executive Officer,
President and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
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July 13, 2006 |
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*
David Kimichik
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Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
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July 13, 2006 |
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*
Mark Nunneley
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Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
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July 13, 2006 |
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*
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July 13, 2006 |
Martin L. Edelman
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Director |
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*
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July 13, 2006 |
W.D. Minami
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Director |
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*
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July 13, 2006 |
W. Michael Murphy
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Director |
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*
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July 13, 2006 |
Philip S. Payne
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Director |
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*
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July 13, 2006 |
Charles P. Toppino
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Director |
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/s/ David A. Brooks |
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David A. Brooks
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Attorney-In-Fact |
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II - 8