e424b5
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-131878
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
(To Prospectus dated July 17, 2006)
13,000,000 Shares
Common Stock
We are offering 13,000,000 shares of our common stock to be
sold in this offering. We will receive all of the net proceeds
from the sale of our common stock.
Our common stock is subject to certain restrictions on ownership
designed to preserve our qualification as a real estate
investment trust for federal income tax purposes. See
Description of our Capital Stock Restrictions
on Ownership and Transfer on page 18 of the
accompanying prospectus.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol AHT. The last reported sales price of our
common stock on July 19, 2006 was $11.59 per share.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk
Factors beginning on page S-3 of this prospectus
supplement and on page 2 of the accompanying prospectus.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Underwriting | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Discounts and | |
|
|
|
|
Price to Public | |
|
Commissions | |
|
Proceeds to Us | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Per Share
|
|
|
$11.40 |
|
|
|
$0.5187 |
|
|
|
$10.8813 |
|
Total
|
|
|
$148,200,000 |
|
|
|
$6,743,100 |
|
|
|
$141,456,900 |
|
We have granted to the underwriters the right to purchase within
30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement up to
an additional 1,950,000 shares of common stock at the
public offering price per share, less discounts and commissions,
to cover over-allotments.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state
securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities, or determined if this prospectus supplement or
accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any
representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The underwriters expect to deliver the common stock to
purchasers on or about July 25, 2006.
|
|
Merrill Lynch & Co. |
Morgan Stanley |
|
|
Friedman Billings Ramsey |
Wachovia Securities |
|
|
A.G. Edwards |
Stifel Nicolaus |
|
|
JMP Securities |
Calyon Securities (USA) Inc. |
The date of this prospectus supplement is July 19, 2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
|
|
|
|
Prospectus Supplement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-1 |
|
|
|
|
S-3 |
|
|
|
|
S-4 |
|
|
|
|
S-5 |
|
|
|
|
S-6 |
|
|
|
|
S-7 |
|
|
|
|
S-13 |
|
|
|
|
S-16 |
|
|
Prospectus |
|
|
|
|
About This Prospectus
|
|
|
ii |
|
Where You Can Find More Information
|
|
|
ii |
|
Incorporation of Information by Reference
|
|
|
ii |
|
A Warning About Forward-Looking Statements
|
|
|
iii |
|
Our Company
|
|
|
1 |
|
Risk Factors
|
|
|
2 |
|
Use of Proceeds
|
|
|
17 |
|
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Earnings to Combined
Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends
|
|
|
17 |
|
Description of Our Capital Stock
|
|
|
17 |
|
Description of Our Common Stock
|
|
|
20 |
|
Description of Our Preferred Stock
|
|
|
21 |
|
Description of Our Debt Securities
|
|
|
27 |
|
Description of Our Warrants
|
|
|
31 |
|
Book-Entry Securities
|
|
|
32 |
|
Material Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
|
|
|
33 |
|
Partnership Agreement
|
|
|
37 |
|
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT
|
|
|
41 |
|
Plan of Distribution
|
|
|
68 |
|
Experts
|
|
|
69 |
|
Legal Matters
|
|
|
70 |
|
You should rely only on the information contained or
incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or the
accompanying prospectus. We have not, and the underwriters have
not, authorized anyone to provide you with different
information. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy,
shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers
and sales are permitted. You should assume that the information
appearing in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying
prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference is
accurate only as of their respective dates which are specified
in those documents. Our business, financial condition, results
of operations and prospects may have changed since those
dates.
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY
The following summary highlights information contained
elsewhere or incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement and the accompanying prospectus. It may not contain
all of the information that is important to you. Before making a
decision to invest in our common stock, you should read
carefully this entire prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus, including the sections entitled Risk
Factors beginning on page S-3 of this prospectus
supplement and on page 2 of the accompanying prospectus and
the section entitled Where You Can Find More
Information on page ii of the accompanying prospectus, as
well as the documents incorporated by reference into this
prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. This
summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed
information and financial statements, including the notes
thereto, appearing elsewhere or incorporated by reference in
this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. All
references to we, our and us
in this prospectus supplement mean Ashford Hospitality Trust,
Inc. and all entities owned or controlled by us except where it
is made clear that the term means only the parent company. The
term you refers to a prospective investor. Unless
otherwise indicated, the information in this prospectus
supplement assumes that the underwriters over-allotment
option is not exercised.
The Company
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to
invest in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital
structure. Since our initial public offering in August 2003, we
have actively acquired hotel assets. Our portfolio includes 73
hotel properties in 22 states with 12,963 rooms, one office
building and $112.6 million of debt investments. Our hotel
investments are currently focused on the upscale and
upper-upscale lodging segments and are concentrated among
Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and Starwood brands.
Our business strategy is to target specific opportunities
created by the current lodging market while retaining the
flexibility to invest in the most attractive risk-reward
opportunities as they develop in the lodging business cycle. Our
target investments include (i) direct hotel investments;
(ii) mezzanine financing through origination or through
acquisition in secondary markets; (iii) first lien mortgage
financing through origination or through acquisition in
secondary markets; and (iv) sale-leaseback transactions.
We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct
our business through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership,
our operating partnership. We are the sole general partner of
our operating partnership.
We have elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust,
or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. Our principal
executive offices are located at 14185 Dallas Parkway,
Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas 75254. Our telephone number is
(972) 490-9600. Our website is http://www.ahtreit.com. The
contents of our website are not a part of this prospectus
supplement or the accompanying prospectus. Our shares of common
stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or the
NYSE, under the symbol AHT.
Recent Developments
Mezzanine Loan Acquisitions
On June 9, 2006, we closed a $26.3 million junior
mezzanine loan on a portfolio of 107 select service hotels
recently purchased by Goldman Sachs Whitehall Funds,
referred to as the Tharaldson portfolio. The loan is a pari
passu participation in a $52.6 million junior mezzanine
loan and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 5.00% for a term
of two years, with three one-year extension options.
Property Acquisitions and Dispositions
On April 19, 2006, we acquired the 338 room Pan
Pacific San Francisco Hotel in San Francisco,
California for a purchase price of $95.0 million in cash,
which we have since rebranded as the JW Marriott. On
July 13, 2006, we acquired the 697 room Marriott
Crystal City Gateway in Arlington, Virginia for a purchase price
of $107.2 million. The purchase price includes our
assumption of approximately $53.3 million of existing debt,
at a fixed interest rate of 7.24%, maturing in 2017,
reimbursement of approximately $7.2 million of capital
expenditure costs by the seller and the issuance of
approximately $42.7 million of limited partnership units in
our operating partnership. The limited partnership units issued
were priced at $11.20 per unit and are considered
Class B units. They have a fixed dividend rate of 6.63% in
years one through three and 7.0% thereafter, and have priority
in payment of cash dividends over holders of common units and
common stock. After ten years, either party may convert the
units to common units. In addition, the Company paid
approximately $2.5 million in cash in lieu of units and
approximately $1.5 million in other net closing costs and
adjustments.
Dividend Declarations
On June 15, 2006, we announced a quarterly cash dividend of
$0.20 per diluted share of our common stock for the second
quarter ending June 30, 2006. The dividend is payable on
July 17, 2006, to common stockholders of record on
June 30, 2006. Investors in this offering will not receive
this dividend.
On June 15, 2006, we also announced a quarterly cash
dividend of $0.5344 per diluted share for our 8.55%
Series A Cumulative Preferred Stock for the second quarter
ending June 30, 2006. The dividend is payable on
July 17, 2006, to Series A preferred stockholders of
record as of June 30, 2006 and represents the regular
quarterly preferred dividend for our Series A Preferred
Stock.
The Offering
|
|
|
Issuer
|
|
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. |
Common Stock to be Offered
|
|
13,000,000 shares1 |
Common Stock to be Outstanding After This Offering
|
|
70,368,695 shares2 |
New York Stock Exchange Symbol
|
|
AHT |
Use of Proceeds
|
|
We intend to use a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of
the common stock to repay outstanding balances under our credit
facilities and the remainder for general corporate purposes,
which may include additional hotel investments. |
Risk Factors
|
|
See Risk Factors and other information included in
this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus for a
discussion of factors you should carefully consider before
deciding to invest in shares of our common stock. |
|
|
1 |
Excludes up to 1,950,000 shares of our common stock that we
may issue and sell upon the exercise of the underwriters
over-allotment option. |
|
2 |
Excludes up to 1,950,000 shares of our common stock that we
may issue and sell upon the exercise of the underwriters
over-allotment option. Also excludes 14,133,571 shares of
common stock issuable upon the conversion of an equal number of
outstanding units of limited partnership interest in our
operating partnership. |
S-2
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves various risks,
including those described below and in the accompanying
prospectus. Prospective investors should carefully consider such
risk factors, together with all of the information contained in
or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus, in determining whether to purchase
the common stock offered hereby.
We may be unable to invest the net proceeds raised in this
offering on acceptable terms or at all, which would harm our
financial conditions and operating results.
We will receive approximately $141.0 million of net
proceeds from this offering, which will be available for
repayment of debt, for general corporate purposes and for future
hotel investments that satisfy our investment criteria. Until we
identify real estate investments consistent with our investment
criteria, we intend to invest the portion of the net offering
proceeds not used for the repayment of outstanding debt in money
market funds. We cannot assure you that we will be able to
identify real estate investments that meet our investment
criteria, that we will be successful in completing any
investment we identify or that any investment we complete using
the net proceeds of this offering will produce a return on our
investment. Moreover, because we have not identified any
specific future investments at the time of this offering, we
will have broad authority to invest the excess net proceeds of
this offering in any real estate investments that we may
identify in the future.
S-3
A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus supplement
and the accompanying prospectus, and in the information
incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus, that are subject to risks and
uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include
information about possible or assumed future results of our
business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations,
plans and objectives. Statements regarding the following
subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
|
|
|
|
|
our business and investment strategy; |
|
|
|
our projected operating results; |
|
|
|
completion of any pending transactions; |
|
|
|
our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
|
|
|
our understanding of our competition; |
|
|
|
market trends; |
|
|
|
projected capital expenditures; and |
|
|
|
the impact of technology on our operations and business. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs,
assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking
into account all information currently available to us. These
beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of
many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to
us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition,
liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives may vary
materially from those expressed in our forward-looking
statements. You should carefully consider this risk when you
make an investment decision concerning our common stock.
Additionally, the following factors could cause actual results
to vary from our forward-looking statements:
|
|
|
|
|
the factors discussed in this prospectus supplement and the
accompanying prospectus, and in the information incorporated by
reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus, including those set forth under the sections titled
Risk Factors in this prospectus supplement and the
accompanying prospectus; |
|
|
|
general volatility of the capital markets and the market price
of our securities; |
|
|
|
changes in our business or investment strategy; |
|
|
|
availability, terms and deployment of capital; |
|
|
|
availability of qualified personnel; |
|
|
|
changes in our industry and the market in which we operate,
interest rates or the general economy; and |
|
|
|
the degree and nature of our competition. |
When we use the words will likely result,
may, anticipate, estimate,
should, expect, believe,
intend, or similar expressions, we intend to
identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue
reliance on these forward-looking statements. We are not
obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future
events or otherwise.
S-4
USE OF PROCEEDS
We expect that the net proceeds to us from this offering (after
deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated
offering expenses) will be approximately $141.0 million
($162.2 million if the underwriters over-allotment
option is exercised in full). We intend to use the net proceeds
from this offering for:
|
|
|
(i) the repayment of the $98.9 million outstanding
balance on our primary credit facility, which includes
affiliates of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
Incorporated, Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC and Calyon
Securities (USA) Inc. as participating lenders, and which
bears an interest rate ranging from 1.60% to 1.95% over LIBOR
and is scheduled to mature in August 2008; |
|
|
(ii) the repayment of the $30.0 million outstanding
balance on our credit facility with Merrill Lynch Mortgage
Lending, Inc. secured by the Hyatt Dulles in Herndon Virginia,
which bears an interest rate ranging from 1.00% to 1.50% over
LIBOR during the revolving period, which ends October 11,
2006, and 2.00% over LIBOR thereafter until maturity in October
2007, the proceeds of which were used to partially fund
(a) the acquisition of the Pan Pacific San Francisco
Hotel in San Francisco, California and (b) the
origination of the mezzanine loan secured by the Tharaldson
portfolio; and |
|
|
(iii) general corporate purposes, which may include
additional hotel investments. |
In the ordinary course of our business, we continually evaluate
hotel properties for possible acquisition by us or in regard to
the possibility of our making mezzanine loans relating to hotel
properties. At any given time, we may be a party to one or more
non-binding letters of intent or conditional purchase agreements
with respect to these possible acquisitions or loans and may be
in various stages of due diligence and underwriting as part of
our evaluations. Consummation of any potential transaction is
necessarily subject to significant outstanding conditions,
including satisfactory completion of our due diligence or, in
the case of letters of intent, the negotiation of definitive
purchase or loan agreements. As a result, we can make no
assurance that any such transaction will be completed, or, if
completed, what the terms or timing of the transaction will be.
S-5
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our capitalization as of
March 31, 2006 on a historical basis and as adjusted to
give effect to (i) the acquisition of the Marriott Crystal
City Gateway; (ii) the acquisition of the Pan Pacific
San Francisco Hotel; (iii) prepayments and additional
draws we have made under our pre-existing credit facilities
since March 31, 2006; (iv) the issuance of
691,876 shares of common stock in exchange for units of
limited partnership interest in our operating partnership that
has occurred since March 31, 2006; (v) the issuance of
16,000 shares of common stock to our directors under our
incentive stock plan in May 2006; (vi) the forfeiture of
2,225 shares of restricted common stock in June 2006 by an
employee who has left the company; and (vii) the
consummation of this offering at an offering price of
$11.40 per share.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
March 31, 2006 | |
|
|
(unaudited) | |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Pro-Forma | |
|
Pro-Forma as | |
|
|
Actual | |
|
Adjustments | |
|
Adjusted | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage Debt
|
|
$ |
719,807,038 |
|
|
$ |
55,426,897 |
(1) |
|
$ |
765,233,935 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
118,865,000 |
(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(128,865,000 |
)(3) |
|
|
|
|
Capital Leases Payable
|
|
|
356,853 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
356,853 |
|
Redeemable Preferred Stock:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series B-1 Cumulative Convertible Redeemable Preferred
Stock, 7,447,865 shares issued and outstanding
|
|
|
75,000,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
75,000,000 |
|
Stockholders Equity:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
200,000,000 shares authorized, 56,663,044 issued and
outstanding, 70,368,695 issued and outstanding as adjusted
|
|
|
566,630 |
|
|
|
6,919 |
(4) |
|
|
703,687 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
160 |
(5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(22 |
)(6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
130,000 |
(7) |
|
|
|
|
8.55% Series A Cumulative Preferred Stock,
2,300,000 shares issued and outstanding
|
|
|
23,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23,000 |
|
Additional paid in capital
|
|
|
528,730,258 |
|
|
|
6,856,551 |
(4) |
|
|
676,572,049 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
185,600 |
(5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(27,260 |
)(6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
140,826,900 |
(7) |
|
|
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income
|
|
|
1,009,349 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,009,349 |
|
Accumulated deficit
|
|
|
(49,227,475 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(49,227,475 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Capitalization
|
|
$ |
1,276,265,653 |
|
|
$ |
193,405,745 |
|
|
$ |
1,469,671,398 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
On July 13, 2006, we acquired the Marriott Crystal City
Gateway. In connection with this acquisition we assumed
$53,323,767 of debt secured by the hotel but recorded the
mortgage with a premium of $2,103,130 because the fixed interest
rate on the mortgage we assumed exceeds current interest rates
we would otherwise incur on similar financial instruments. |
|
(2) |
Reflects the net effect of draws and repayments prior to this
offering on our credit facilities since March 31, 2006,
including draws of approximately $103,900,000 in connection with
our acquisition of the Pan Pacific San Francisco Hotel in
San Francisco, California, which we have since rebranded as
the JW Marriott. |
|
(3) |
Reflects the paydown of our credit facilities with the net
proceeds of this offering. |
|
(4) |
Reflects the issuance of 691,876 shares of common stock in
exchange for an equal number of units of limited partnership
interest in our operating partnership. |
|
(5) |
Reflects the issuance of 16,000 shares of common stock to
our directors on May 2, 2006, granted under our incentive
stock plan. |
|
(6) |
Reflects the forfeiture of 2,225 shares of restricted
common stock on June 14, 2006 by an employee who left the
company. |
|
(7) |
Reflects the consummation of this offering at an offering price
of $11.40 per share, net of underwriting discounts and
commissions and other expenses. |
S-6
OUR COMPANY
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to
invest in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital
structure. Since our initial public offering in August 2003, we
have actively acquired hotel assets. Our portfolio includes 73
hotel properties in 22 states with 12,963 rooms, one office
building and $112.6 million of debt investments. Our hotel
investments are currently focused on the upscale and
upper-upscale lodging segments and are concentrated among
Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and Starwood brands.
Our current investment strategy is to target specific
opportunities created by the current lodging market while
retaining the flexibility to invest in the most attractive
risk-reward opportunities as they develop in the lodging
business cycle. We believe that the U.S. economy is
currently in an expansion phase and that the underlying cash
flows of hotels will continue to improve due to favorable
supply/demand dynamics. We believe that our current investment
policies, particularly our current focus on the upscale and
upper-upscale lodging segments, will allow us to participate in
the continued improvement in performance within the lodging
industry. However, we also believe that as supply, demand and
capital market cycles change, we will be able to shift our
investment strategies to take advantage of newly-created lodging
investment opportunities as they develop. Currently, we do not
focus our acquisitions on any specific geographical market.
While our current investment strategies are well defined, our
board of directors may change our investment policies at any
time without stockholder approval.
We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct
our business through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership,
our operating partnership. We are the sole general partner of
our operating partnership.
We have elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust,
or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. Because of limitations
imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, third-party
managers manage each of our hotel properties. Remington
Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., or Remington Lodging, is
one of our primary property managers, managing 29 of our 73
existing hotel properties. Remington Lodging is wholly owned by
Mr. Archie Bennett, our Chairman, and Mr. Montgomery
J. Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer. With the
exception of Douglas Kessler, our Chief Operating Officer, all
members of our senior management team worked together at
Remington Hotel Corporation, an affiliate of Remington Lodging,
and related entities, from 1992 until our initial public
offering. Our remaining 44 hotel properties are managed by
management companies unaffiliated with us.
Our Business Strategy
We intend to continue to invest in a variety of lodging-related
assets based upon our evaluation of diverse market conditions.
These investments may include: (i) direct hotel
investments; (ii) mezzanine financing through origination
or through acquisition in secondary markets; (iii) first
lien mortgage financing through origination or through
acquisition in secondary markets; and (iv) sale-leaseback
transactions.
Our strategy is designed to take advantage of current lodging
industry conditions and to adjust to changes in market
conditions over time. In the current market, we believe we can
continue to purchase assets at discounts to replacement costs
and acquire or originate debt positions with attractive relative
yields. Over time, our assessment of market conditions will
determine asset reallocation strategies. While we seek to
capitalize on favorable market fundamentals, conditions beyond
our control may have an impact on overall profitability and on
the investment returns.
S-7
Our business strategy of combining lodging-related equity and
debt investments seeks, among other things, to:
|
|
|
|
|
capitalize on both current yield and price appreciation, while
simultaneously offering diversification of types of assets
within the hospitality industry; |
|
|
|
vary investments across an array of hospitality assets to take
advantage of market cycles for each asset class; and |
|
|
|
offer an attractive liquidity alternative to asset sales
(through structure and tax deferral) and traditional financing
(due to rate, structure,
loan-to-value and asset
class). |
Our investment strategy primarily targets limited and full
service hotels in primary, secondary and resort markets
throughout the United States. To take full advantage of current
and future investment opportunities in the lodging industry, we
will invest according to the asset allocation strategies
described below. Due to ongoing changes in market conditions we
will continually evaluate the appropriateness of our investment
strategies, and our board of directors may change any or all of
these strategies at any time.
Investments in Real Estate or Interests in Real Estate
Direct Hotel Investments. In connection with our
initial public offering, we acquired six hotel properties. We
currently own 73 hotel properties which represent a total
investment of approximately $1.3 billion. In selecting the
hotels that we have acquired since our initial public offering,
we have targeted hotels that either offer a high current return
or have the opportunity to increase in value through
repositioning, capital investments, market based recovery or
improved management practices. We intend to continue acquiring
existing hotels and, under appropriate market conditions, may
develop new hotels. Our direct hotel acquisition strategy will
follow similar investment criteria and will seek to achieve both
current income and income from appreciation.
Sale-Leaseback Transactions. To date, we have not
participated in any sale-leaseback transactions. However, if the
lodging industry fundamentals shift such that sale-leaseback
transactions become more attractive investments, we intend to
purchase hotels and lease them back to their existing hotel
owners.
Investments in Financial Assets
Mezzanine Financing. We currently have a portfolio
of 11 subordinated loans, also known as mezzanine loans, with a
total current receivable balance of approximately
$112.6 million. These loans are secured by junior mortgages
on hotels or pledges of equity interests in entities owning
hotels and, in one instance, by junior participations in a first
mortgage. We expect the current yield, on a risk-adjusted basis,
on each of these mezzanine loans to provide attractive returns.
The loans we have acquired or originated relate to upscale or
full service hotels that we believe require no significant
near-term capital expenditures, have reputable managers and are
located in good or emerging sub-markets.
We intend to continue to acquire or originate mezzanine loans.
Mezzanine loans that we may acquire in the future may be secured
by individual assets as well as cross-collateralized portfolios
of assets. Although these types of loans generally have greater
repayment risks than first mortgages due to the subordinated
nature of the loans, we have a disciplined approach in
underwriting the value of the asset. We expect this asset class
to provide us with attractive yields and potentially allow us to
participate in the improving economics of the underlying hotel.
In addition, subject to restrictions applicable to REITs, we may
acquire or originate corporate-level mezzanine loans on an
unsecured basis.
First Mortgage Financing. We have originated one
first mortgage, which was subsequently sold, and two junior
participations in first mortgages, one of which has been repaid
in full. We refer to these loans as mezzanine loans throughout
this prospectus supplement. As interest rates increase and the
dynamics in the hotel industry make first mortgage investments
more attractive, we intend to acquire,
S-8
potentially at a discount to par, or originate loans secured by
first priority mortgages on hotels. We may be subject to certain
state-imposed licensing regulations related to commercial
mortgage lenders, with which we intend to comply. However,
because we are not a bank or a federally chartered lending
institution, we are not subject to the state and federal
regulatory constraints imposed on such entities. Also, because
we do not currently intend to securitize our assets, we expect
to be able to offer more flexible terms than commercial lenders
who contribute loans to securitized mortgage pools.
Our Existing Assets
Presented in the table below is certain information regarding
our existing hotel portfolio as of the date of this prospectus
supplement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Built/ | |
|
|
Hotel Property |
|
Location |
|
Renovated | |
|
Rooms |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Alpharetta, GA |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
154 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Bloomington, IN |
|
|
1996 |
|
|
117 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Columbus, IN |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
90 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Crystal City, VA |
|
|
1990 |
|
|
272 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Foothill Ranch, CA |
|
|
2004 |
|
|
156 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Ft. Lauderdale, FL |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
174 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Louisville, KY |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
150 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Overland Park, KS |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
168 |
Courtyard by Marriott
|
|
Palm Desert, CA |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
151 |
Crowne Plaza
|
|
Beverly Hills, CA |
|
|
1973/2001 |
|
|
260 |
Crowne Plaza
|
|
Key West, FL |
|
|
1925/2001 |
|
|
160 |
Doubletree Guest Suites
|
|
Columbus, OH |
|
|
1985 |
|
|
194 |
Doubletree Guest Suites
|
|
Dayton, OH |
|
|
1987 |
|
|
137 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Austin, TX |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
150 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Dallas, TX |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
150 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Flagstaff, AZ |
|
|
1988 |
|
|
119 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Herndon, VA |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
150 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Houston, TX |
|
|
1989/1996 |
|
|
150 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Las Vegas, NV |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
220 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Phoenix, AZ |
|
|
1981 |
|
|
229 |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Syracuse, NY |
|
|
1990 |
|
|
215 |
Embassy Suites and Admiralty Office Building
|
|
Palm Beach, FL |
|
|
1989/1996 |
|
|
160 |
Fairfield Inn by Marriott
|
|
Evansville, IN |
|
|
1995 |
|
|
110 |
Fairfield Inn by Marriott
|
|
Princeton, IN |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
73 |
Fairfield Inn & Suites
|
|
Kennesaw, GA |
|
|
1996 |
|
|
87 |
Hampton Inn
|
|
Evansville, IN |
|
|
1991 |
|
|
141 |
Hampton Inn
|
|
Horse Cave, KY |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
101 |
Hampton Inn
|
|
Lawrenceville, GA |
|
|
1997 |
|
|
86 |
Hampton Inn
|
|
Terre Haute, IN |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
112 |
Hampton Inn Mall of Georgia
|
|
Buford, GA |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
92 |
Hilton
|
|
St. Petersburg, FL |
|
|
1971/2001 |
|
|
333 |
Hilton
|
|
Ft. Worth, TX |
|
|
1920/2004 |
|
|
294 |
Hilton Clear Lake
|
|
Houston, TX |
|
|
1985/2000 |
|
|
243 |
Hilton Garden Inn
|
|
Jacksonville, FL |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
119 |
S-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Built/ | |
|
|
Hotel Property |
|
Location |
|
Renovated | |
|
Rooms |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Hilton Santa Fe
|
|
Santa Fe, NM |
|
|
1971/2004 |
|
|
157 |
Historic Inns
|
|
Annapolis, MD |
|
|
1748/2004 |
|
|
124 |
Homewood Suites
|
|
Mobile, AL |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
86 |
Hyatt Regency
|
|
Anaheim, CA |
|
|
1984/2001 |
|
|
654 |
Hyatt Regency Dulles
|
|
Herndon, VA |
|
|
1989 |
|
|
316 |
JW Marriott
|
|
San Francisco, CA |
|
|
1987 |
|
|
338 |
Marriott Crystal City
|
|
Arlington, VA |
|
|
1982/2005 |
|
|
697 |
Marriott at Research Triangle Park
|
|
Durham, NC |
|
|
1988/2002 |
|
|
225 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
Evansville, IN |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
78 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
Falls Church, VA |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
159 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
Lake Buena Vista, FL |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
210 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
Palm Desert, CA |
|
|
1999/2005 |
|
|
130 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
Salt Lake City, UT |
|
|
1999/2005 |
|
|
144 |
Marriott Residence Inn
|
|
San Diego, CA |
|
|
1999/2005 |
|
|
150 |
Marriott Residence Inn Sea World
|
|
Orlando, FL |
|
|
2002 |
|
|
350 |
Radisson
|
|
Milford, MA |
|
|
1985/2004 |
|
|
173 |
Radisson
|
|
Rockland, MA |
|
|
1988/2001 |
|
|
127 |
Radisson Airport
|
|
Indianapolis, IN |
|
|
1962/2001 |
|
|
259 |
Radisson City Center
|
|
Indianapolis, IN |
|
|
1968/2000 |
|
|
371 |
Radisson Hotel
|
|
Covington, KY |
|
|
1972/2000 |
|
|
236 |
Radisson Hotel
|
|
Holtsville, NY |
|
|
1989/2001 |
|
|
188 |
Sea Turtle Inn
|
|
Atlantic Beach, FL |
|
|
1972/2000 |
|
|
193 |
Sheraton
|
|
Minnetonka, MN |
|
|
1985/2001 |
|
|
222 |
Sheraton Bucks County
|
|
Langhorne, PA |
|
|
1986 |
|
|
187 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Baltimore, MD |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
133 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Buford, GA |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
96 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Centerville, VA |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
136 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Charlotte, NC |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
136 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Durham, NC |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
120 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Gaithersburg, MD |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
162 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Jacksonville, FL |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
102 |
SpringHill Suites by Marriott
|
|
Kennesaw, GA |
|
|
2001 |
|
|
90 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Ft. Worth, TX |
|
|
1998 |
|
|
95 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Miami, FL |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
95 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Mt. Laurel, NJ |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
95 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Newark, CA |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
127 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Scarborough, ME |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
95 |
TownePlace Suites
|
|
Tewksbury, MA |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
95 |
TownePlace Suites Miami Airport
|
|
Miami, FL |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
95 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12,963 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-10
We own each of these hotels in fee simple, except for
(i) the Radisson Hotel in Covington, Kentucky, which we own
part in fee simple and part pursuant to a ground lease that
expires in 2070 (including all extensions); (ii) the
Doubletree Guest Suites in Columbus, Ohio, which has been built
pursuant to an air rights lease above the parking garage that
expires in 2045; (iii) the Hilton in Fort Worth,
Texas, which we own pursuant to a ground lease that expires in
2040 (including all extensions); (iv) the Radisson Airport
in Indianapolis, Indiana, which we own pursuant to a ground
lease that expires in 2034 (including all extensions);
(v) the Crowne Plaza in Key West, Florida, which we own
pursuant to a ground lease that expires in 2084 (including all
extensions); and (vi) the JW Marriott in
San Francisco, California, which we own pursuant to a
ground lease that expires in 2083 (including all extensions).
S-11
Presented in the table below is certain information regarding
our existing loan portfolio as of the date of this prospectus
supplement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Origination or |
|
Loan | |
|
|
|
|
Property |
|
Location |
|
Acquisition Date |
|
Balance | |
|
Interest Rate |
|
Maturity Date |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Embassy Suites
|
|
Boston, MA |
|
March 19, 2004 |
|
$ |
15,000,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 1,025 bps 1.75% LIBOR floor |
|
April 2007, with two one-year extension options(1) |
Hotel Teatro
|
|
Denver, CO |
|
September 20, 2004 |
|
|
5,000,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 1,135 bps |
|
October 2006, with three one-year extension options(2) |
Westin
|
|
Westminster, CO |
|
September 24, 2004 |
|
|
11,000,000 |
|
|
14% |
|
September 1, 2011(3) |
Viceroy Santa Monica
|
|
Santa Monica, CA |
|
February 3, 2005 |
|
|
8,000,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 912.5 bps |
|
February 2007, with three one-year extension options(4) |
Hyatt Regency
|
|
Philadelphia, PA |
|
April 18, 2005 |
|
|
8,000,000 |
|
|
14% fixed rate, up to 18% over 5 years |
|
May 2010(5) |
Embassy Suites
|
|
Garden Grove, CA |
|
May 26, 2005 |
|
|
8,500,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 975 bps |
|
June 2007, with three one-year extension options |
Marriott Cool Springs
|
|
Franklin, TN |
|
June 20, 2005 |
|
|
4,000,000 |
|
|
14% |
|
July 2010 |
Sheraton Gunter
|
|
San Antonio, TX |
|
July 13, 2005 |
|
|
5,583,520 |
|
|
LIBOR + 950 bps |
|
July 2008, with one one-year extension option(6) |
Doubletree Albuquerque
|
|
Albuquerque, NM |
|
September 29, 2005 |
|
|
3,000,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 1,115 bps |
|
September 2008, with one one-year extension option(7) |
Four Seasons Nevis
|
|
Nevis, West Indies |
|
December 16, 2005 |
|
|
18,200,000 |
|
|
LIBOR + 900 bps |
|
October 2008, with two one-year extension options(8) |
Tharaldson Portfolio
|
|
Various (107 properties) |
|
June 9, 2006 |
|
|
26,307,700 |
|
|
LIBOR + 500 bps |
|
April 2008, with three one-year extension options(9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
112,591,220 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
Interest only payments through maturity. We have been notified
by the borrower that it intends to prepay this loan in whole on
or about July 23, 2006. There will be no prepayment penalty
associated with this prepayment. |
|
(2) |
Interest only payments through maturity. |
|
(3) |
Interest will accrue for the first two years at the rate of
14% per annum, but payments due during this time will be
equal to an interest only payment at the rate of 12% per
annum, unless cash flow supports the payment of the interest
only payments at the rate of 14% per annum. Following the
second anniversary, through maturity, interest only payments at
the rate of 14% per annum will be due. |
|
(4) |
Interest only payments through maturity. The terms of the loan
prohibit prepayment through September 2006. |
|
(5) |
The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 14% for the first
year and increases 100 basis points each year of the term
until the interest rate reaches 18% in year five. The terms of
the loan prohibit prepayment through December 2007. |
|
(6) |
The loan is interest only for the first 12 months, with
yield maintenance requirements for prepayment during months 13
through 18. Principal payments based on a
25-year amortization
commence in month 19. The terms of the loan prohibit prepayment
through July 2006. |
|
(7) |
The loan is interest only for the first 12 months. The
terms of the loan prohibit prepayment through September 2006. |
|
(8) |
The loan is interest only for the first 12 months. The loan
may be prepaid at any time without penalty. |
|
(9) |
Interest only payments through maturity (assuming certain net
operating income criteria is met). Prepayments subject to
premiums of (a) 3% of the amount prepaid if prior to
October 9, 2006; (b) 2.5% if prior to January 9,
2007; (c) 2% if prior to April 9, 2007; and
(d) 1% if prior to October 9, 2007. No premiums after
October 9, 2007. |
S-12
UNDERWRITERS
Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an
underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus
supplement, the underwriters named below, for whom Merrill
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Morgan
Stanley & Co. Incorporated are acting as
representatives, have severally agreed to purchase, and we have
agreed to sell to the underwriters, the number of shares of our
common stock indicated in the table below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number | |
Name |
|
of Shares | |
|
|
| |
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
Incorporated |
|
|
4,517,500 |
|
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated
|
|
|
4,517,500 |
|
Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc.
|
|
|
1,267,500 |
|
Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC
|
|
|
877,500 |
|
A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc.
|
|
|
650,000 |
|
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
|
|
|
422,500 |
|
JMP Securities LLC
|
|
|
357,500 |
|
Calyon Securities (USA) Inc.
|
|
|
260,000 |
|
Davenport & Company LLC
|
|
|
130,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
13,000,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
The underwriters and the representatives are collectively
referred to as the underwriters and the
representatives, respectively. The underwriters are
offering the shares of our common stock subject to their
acceptance of the shares from us and subject to prior sale. The
underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the
several underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the
shares of common stock offered by us pursuant to this prospectus
are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their
counsel and to certain other conditions. The underwriters are
obligated to take and pay for all of the shares of common stock
offered by us pursuant to this prospectus supplement if any such
shares are taken, except that the underwriters are not required
to take or pay for shares covered pursuant to the exercise of
the underwriters option to purchase additional shares
described below.
The underwriters initially propose to offer the shares of our
common stock directly to the public at the initial public
offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus
supplement, and to dealers at that price less a concession not
in excess of $0.31 per share. After the initial offering of
the shares of our common stock, the offering price and other
selling terms may from
time-to-time be varied
by the representatives.
Over-allotment Option
We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for
30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement, to
purchase up to an aggregate of 1,950,000 additional shares of
common stock at the initial public offering price, less
underwriting discounts and commissions and less an amount per
share equal to any dividends or distributions declared by us and
payable on the common stock initially purchased, but not payable
on the common stock purchased pursuant to the over-allotment
option. The underwriters may exercise this option solely for the
purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made in connection
with the initial offering of the shares of our common stock
offered by this prospectus supplement. To the extent the option
is exercised, each underwriter will become obligated, subject to
certain conditions, to purchase about the same percentage of the
additional shares of common stock as the number listed next to
the underwriters name in the preceding table bears to the
total number of shares of our common stock listed next to the
names of all underwriters in the preceding table. If the
underwriters option is exercised in full, the total price
to the public would be $170,430,000, the total underwriters
S-13
discounts and commissions would be $7,754,565 and the total
proceeds, before expenses, to us would be $162,675,435.
Commissions and Discounts
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting
discounts and commissions to be paid by us in connection with
this offering. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise
and full exercise of the underwriters option.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Per Share | |
|
Total | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
No | |
|
Full | |
|
No | |
|
Full | |
|
|
Exercise | |
|
Exercise | |
|
Exercise | |
|
Exercise | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us
|
|
$ |
0.5187 |
|
|
$ |
0.5187 |
|
|
$ |
6,743,100 |
|
|
$ |
7,754,565 |
|
The expenses of this offering payable by us, not including
underwriting discounts and commissions, are estimated to be
approximately $0.5 million, which includes legal,
accounting and printing costs.
No Sales of Similar Securities
Pursuant to the underwriting agreement, we have agreed that
subject to certain exceptions we will not, during the period
beginning on the date of this prospectus supplement and ending
60 days thereafter, without the prior written consent of
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated on behalf of the
underwriters:
|
|
|
|
|
offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or
contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell,
grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or
otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any
shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or
exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock; |
|
|
|
enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to
another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences
of ownership of our common stock; or |
|
|
|
file any registration statement with the SEC relating to the
offering of shares of our common stock or securities convertible
into or exercisable for shares of our common stock. |
In addition, each of our directors and executive officers has
entered into a lock-up
agreement with the representatives. Pursuant to each such
lock-up agreement, such
persons agreed with the representatives that subject to certain
exceptions they will not, during the period beginning on the
date of this prospectus and ending 60 days thereafter,
without the prior written consent of Merrill Lynch, Pierce,
Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Morgan
Stanley & Co. Incorporated on behalf of the
underwriters:
|
|
|
|
|
offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or
contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell,
grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or
otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any
shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or
exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock; |
|
|
|
enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to
another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences
of ownership of our common stock; or |
|
|
|
demand or otherwise seek registration of shares of our common
stock with the SEC. |
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if (i) during the last
17 days of the
60-day restricted
period we issue an earnings release, or (ii) prior to the
expiration of the
60-day restricted
period, we announce that we will release earnings results during
the 16-day period
beginning on the last day of the
60-day period, the
above restrictions shall continue to apply until the expiration
of the 18-day period
beginning on the issuance of the earnings release.
S-14
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated have informed us that
they do not have a present intent or arrangement to release any
of the securities subject to these
lock-up provisions. The
release of any lock-ups will be considered on a case-by-case
basis. The factors that Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner &
Smith Incorporated and Morgan Stanley & Co.
Incorporated may consider in deciding whether to release the
securities may include the length of time before the lockup
expires, the number of shares of common stock or other
securities involved, the reason for the requested release,
market conditions, the trading price of our common stock,
historical trading volumes of our common stock and whether the
person seeking the release is an officer, director or affiliate
of ours.
The underwriters have informed us that in order to facilitate
this offering of our common stock they may engage in
transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the
price of the common stock. Specifically, the underwriters may
sell more shares than they are obligated to purchase under the
underwriting agreement, creating a short position. A short sale
is covered if the short position is no greater than the number
of shares available for purchase by the underwriters under the
over-allotment option. The underwriters can close out a covered
short sale by exercising the over-allotment option or purchasing
shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares
to close out a covered short sale, the underwriters will
consider, among other things, the open market price of shares
compared to the price available under the over-allotment option.
The underwriters may also sell shares in excess of the
overallotment option, creating a naked short position. The
underwriters must close out any naked short position by
purchasing shares in the open market. The underwriters have
informed us that a naked short position is more likely to be
created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be
downward pressure on the price of our common stock in the open
market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who
purchase in this offering. In addition, to stabilize the price
of our common stock, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase,
shares of our common stock in the open market. Finally, the
underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling concessions allowed
to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing our common stock
in this offering, if the underwriting syndicate repurchases
previously distributed shares of our common stock to cover
underwriting syndicate short positions or to stabilize the price
of our common stock. Any of these activities may stabilize or
maintain the market price of our common stock above independent
market levels. The underwriters are not required to engage in
these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.
Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Shares
In connection with the offering, certain of the underwriters or
securities dealers may distribute prospectuses by electronic
means, such as e-mail.
In addition, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
Incorporated will be facilitating Internet distribution for this
offering to certain of its Internet subscription customers.
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
intends to allocate a limited number of shares for sale to its
online brokerage customers. An electronic prospectus is
available on the Internet web site maintained by Merrill Lynch,
Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated. Other than the
prospectus in electronic format, the information on the Merrill
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated web site is
not part of this prospectus.
Other Relationships
Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates
have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future
perform, various financial advisory and investment banking
services for us, for which they received or will receive
customary fees and expenses. In addition, an affiliate of
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated is a
lender under a mortgage loan secured by 32 properties with
an outstanding balance of $487.1 million; affiliates of
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated,
Calyon Securities (USA) Inc. and Wachovia Capital Markets,
LLC are lenders under a $100 million revolving credit
facility; and an affiliate of Merrill Lynch, Pierce,
Fenner & Smith Incorporated is the lender under a
$47.5 million revolving credit facility. The net proceeds
of this offering will be used to repay outstanding amounts under
our credit facilities.
S-15
New York Stock Exchange Listing
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol AHT.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or
to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to
make in connection with such liabilities.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be
passed upon for us by Andrews Kurth LLP, Dallas, Texas. In
addition, the description of federal income tax consequences
contained in the section of the accompanying prospectus entitled
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a
REIT is based on the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP. Certain
legal matters related to the offering will be passed upon for
the underwriters by DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP, Raleigh,
North Carolina. Certain Maryland law matters in connection with
this offering will be passed upon for us by Hogan &
Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore, Maryland. Andrews Kurth LLP and DLA
Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP will rely on the opinion of
Hogan & Hartson L.L.P. as to all matters of Maryland
law.
S-16
PROSPECTUS
$700,000,000
COMMON STOCK
PREFERRED STOCK
DEBT SECURITIES
WARRANTS
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. intends to offer and sell from
time to time the debt and equity securities described in this
prospectus. The total offering price of the securities described
in this prospectus will not exceed $700,000,000 in the aggregate.
We will provide the specific terms of any securities we may
offer in a supplement to this prospectus. You should carefully
read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement
before deciding to invest in these securities.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol AHT. We may make any sales of our common
shares under this prospectus, if any, on or through the
facilities of the New York Stock Exchange, to or through a
market maker, or to or through an electronic communications
network, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, or in
any other manner permitted by law (including, without
limitation, privately negotiated transactions). On July 12,
2006, the last reported sale price of our common stock as
reported was $12.65 per share.
The securities may be offered directly, through agents
designated by us from time to time, or through underwriters or
dealers.
Investing in our securities involves risks. See Risk
Factors beginning on page 2 of this prospectus to
read about risks you should consider before buying our
securities.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state
securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
The date of this prospectus is July 17, 2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
|
|
|
|
ii |
|
|
ii |
|
|
ii |
|
|
iii |
|
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
17 |
|
|
17 |
|
|
17 |
|
|
20 |
|
|
21 |
|
|
27 |
|
|
31 |
|
|
32 |
|
|
33 |
|
|
37 |
|
|
41 |
|
|
68 |
|
|
69 |
|
|
70 |
You should rely only on the information contained or
incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not
authorized anyone else to provide you with different
information. If anyone provides you with different or
inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. An offer to
sell these securities will not be made in any jurisdiction where
the offer and sale is not permitted. You should assume that the
information appearing in this prospectus, as well as information
we previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
and incorporated by reference, is accurate as of the date on the
front cover of this prospectus only. Our business, financial
condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed
since that date.
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a shelf registration statement. We
may sell, from time to time, in one or more offerings, any
combinations of the securities described in this prospectus.
This prospectus only provides you with a general description of
the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities under
this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that
contains specific information about the terms of the securities.
The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change
information contained in this prospectus. You should read both
this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with the
additional information described under the heading Where
You Can Find More Information.
The total dollar amount of the securities sold under this
prospectus will not exceed $700,000,000.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements
and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may read and copy
any materials that we file with the SEC without charge at the
public reference room of the Securities and Exchange Commission,
450 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 1024, Washington, DC
20549. Information about the operation of the public reference
room may be obtained by calling the Securities and Exchange
Commission at
1-800-SEC-0330. Also,
the SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports,
proxy and information statements, and other information
regarding issuers, including Ashford, that file electronically
with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that we file
with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
We also make available free of charge on or through our internet
website (www.ahtreit.com) our Annual Report on
Form 10-K,
Quarterly Reports on
Form 10-Q, Current
Reports on
Form 8-K, and, if
applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished
pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act as soon as
reasonably practicable after we electronically file such
material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on
Form S-3 that we
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This
prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in
the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the
registration statement. For further information with respect to
our company and our securities, reference is made to the
registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to
the registration statement. Statements contained in this
prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document
referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete and,
where that contract is an exhibit to the registration statement,
each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the
exhibit to which the reference relates.
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the
information we file with them, which means that we can disclose
important information to you by referring you to other documents
that we file with the SEC. These incorporated documents contain
important business and financial information about us that is
not included in or delivered with this prospectus. The
information incorporated by reference is considered to be part
of this prospectus, and later information filed with the SEC
will update and supersede this information.
We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any
future filings we make with the SEC under Section 13(a),
13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, until
the offering of securities covered by this prospectus is
complete:
|
|
|
|
|
our Annual Report on
Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 2005; |
|
|
|
our Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended March 31, 2006; and |
|
|
|
our Current Reports on
Form 8-K
or 8-K/ A, as
applicable, filed with the SEC on December 29, 2004,
August 30, 2005, January 25, 2006, February 17,
2006 (both Current Reports filed on such date),
February 23, 2006 (pursuant to Items 1.01 and 9.01),
March 13, 2006, March 28, 2006, April 3, 2006,
April 24, 2006, May 9, 2006 (pursuant to
Item 9.01), May 23, 2006 (the Current Reports filed |
ii
|
|
|
|
|
pursuant to Items 1.01 and 9.01 and Items 8.01 and 9.01,
respectively), June 30, 2006 and July 12, 2006. |
You may obtain copies of these documents at no cost by writing
or telephoning us at the following address:
|
|
|
Investor Relations |
|
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. |
|
14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100 |
|
Dallas, Texas 75254 |
|
(972) 490-9600 |
A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus, and in
the information incorporated by reference into it, that are
subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking
statements include information about possible or assumed future
results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results
of operations, plans and objectives. Statements regarding the
following subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
|
|
|
|
|
our business and investment strategy; |
|
|
|
our projected operating results; |
|
|
|
completion of any pending transactions; |
|
|
|
our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
|
|
|
our understanding of our competition; |
|
|
|
market trends; |
|
|
|
projected capital expenditures; and |
|
|
|
the impact of technology on our operations and business. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs,
assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking
into account all information currently available to us. These
beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of
many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to
us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition,
liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from
those expressed in our forward-looking statements. You should
carefully consider this risk when you make an investment
decision concerning our securities. Additionally, the following
factors could cause actual results to vary from our
forward-looking statements:
|
|
|
|
|
the factors discussed in this prospectus, and in the information
incorporated by reference into it, including those set forth
under the section titled Risk Factors; |
|
|
|
general volatility of the capital markets and the market price
of our securities; |
|
|
|
changes in our business or investment strategy; |
|
|
|
availability, terms and deployment of capital; |
|
|
|
availability of qualified personnel; |
|
|
|
changes in our industry and the market in which we operate,
interest rates or the general economy; and |
|
|
|
the degree and nature of our competition. |
When we use the words will likely result,
may, anticipate, estimate,
should, expect, believe,
intend, or similar expressions, we intend to
identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue
reliance on these forward-looking statements. We are not
obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future
events or otherwise.
iii
OUR COMPANY
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to
invest in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital
structure. Since our initial public offering in August 2003, we
have actively acquired hotel assets. Our portfolio includes 73
hotel properties in 22 states with 12,963 rooms, one office
building and $112.6 million of debt investments. Our hotel
investments are currently focused on the upscale and
upper-upscale lodging segments and are concentrated among
Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and Starwood brands.
Our business strategy is to target specific opportunities
created by the current strengthening lodging market while
retaining the flexibility to invest in the most attractive
risk-reward opportunities as they develop in the lodging
business cycle. Our target investments include (i) direct
hotel investments; (ii) mezzanine financing through
origination or through acquisition in secondary markets;
(iii) first lien mortgage financing through origination or
through acquisition in secondary markets; and
(iv) sale-leaseback transactions.
We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct
our business through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership,
our operating partnership. We are the sole general partner of
our operating partnership.
We have elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust,
or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. Because of limitations
imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, third-party
managers manage each of our hotel properties. Our employees
perform, directly through our operating partnership, various
acquisition, development, redevelopment and corporate management
functions. All persons employed in the
day-to-day operations
of our hotels are employees of the management companies engaged
by our lessees, and are not our employees.
Our principal executive offices are located at 14185 Dallas
Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas 75254. Our telephone
number is (972) 490-9600. Our website is
http://www.ahtreit.com. The contents of our website are not a
part of this prospectus. Our shares of common stock are traded
on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under
the symbol AHT.
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves various risks. You
should carefully consider the following risk factors in
conjunction with the other information contained in this
prospectus before purchasing our securities. The risks discussed
in this prospectus can adversely affect our business, liquidity,
operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could
cause the market price of our securities to decline and could
cause you to lose all or part of your investment. The risk
factors described below are not the only risks that may affect
us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us
also may adversely affect our business, liquidity, operating
results, prospects and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business
|
|
|
Our business strategy depends on our continued growth. We
may fail to integrate recent and additional investments into our
operations or otherwise manage our planned growth, which may
adversely affect our operating results. |
Our business plan contemplates a period of continued growth in
the next several years. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to adapt our management, administrative, accounting and
operational systems, or hire and retain sufficient operational
staff to successfully integrate our recent investments into our
portfolio and manage any future acquisitions of additional
assets without operating disruptions or unanticipated costs.
Acquisitions of any additional portfolio of properties or
mortgages would generate additional operating expenses that we
will be required to pay. As we acquire additional assets, we
will be subject to the operational risks associated with owning
new lodging properties. Our failure to successfully integrate
our recent acquisitions as well as any future acquisitions into
our portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our
results of operations and financial condition and our ability to
pay dividends to stockholders.
|
|
|
We may be unable to identify additional real estate
investments that meet our investment criteria or to acquire the
properties we have under contract. |
We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify real
estate investments that meet our investment criteria, that we
will be successful in completing any investment we identify or
that any investment we complete will produce a return on our
investment. Moreover, we will have broad authority to invest in
any real estate investments that we may identify in the future.
We also cannot assure you that we will acquire properties we
currently have under firm purchase contracts, if any, or that
the acquisition terms we have negotiated will not change.
|
|
|
Conflicts of interest could result in our management
acting other than in our stockholders best
interest. |
Conflicts of interest relating to Remington Hotel Corporation,
or Remington Hotel, and Remington Lodging &
Hospitality, L.P., or Remington Lodging, may lead to management
decisions that are not in the stockholders best interest.
The Chairman of our board of directors, Mr. Archie
Bennett, Jr., serves as the Chairman of the board of
directors of Remington Hotel, and our Chief Executive Officer
and President, Mr. Montgomery Bennett, serves as the Chief
Executive Officer and President of Remington Hotel.
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of Remington
Hotel. Remington Lodging, which is also 100% owned by
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, manages 29 of
our 73 properties and provides related services, including
property management services and project development services.
Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett still
own minority interests in one lodging property not transferred
to our operating partnership.
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennetts ownership
interests in and management obligations to Remington Hotel and
Remington Lodging present them with conflicts of interest in
making management decisions related to the commercial
arrangements between us and Remington Lodging and will reduce
the time and effort they each spend managing us. Our board of
directors has adopted a policy that requires all management
decisions relating to the management agreements with Remington
Lodging be approved by a majority or, in certain circumstances,
all of our independent directors.
2
Holders of units in our operating partnership, including members
of our management team, may suffer adverse tax consequences upon
our sale of certain properties. Therefore, holders of units,
either directly or indirectly, including Messrs. Archie and
Montgomery Bennett, Mr. David Brooks, our Chief Legal
Officer, Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief Financial Officer,
Mr. Mark Nunneley, our Chief Accounting Officer, and
Mr. Martin L. Edelman (or his family members), one of our
directors, may have different objectives regarding the
appropriate pricing and timing of a particular propertys
sale. These officers and directors of ours may influence us not
to sell or refinance certain properties, even if such sale or
refinancing might be financially advantageous to our
stockholders, or to enter into tax deferred exchanges with the
proceeds of such sales when such a reinvestment might not
otherwise be in our best interest.
In addition, we have agreed to indemnify contributors of
properties contributed to us in exchange for operating
partnership units, including
(indirectly) Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett,
Brooks, Kimichik, Nunneley and Edelman (or his family members),
against the income tax they may incur if we dispose of the
specified contributed properties. Because of this
indemnification, our indemnified management team members may
make decisions about selling any of these properties that are
not in our stockholders best interest.
We are a party to a master hotel management agreement and an
exclusivity agreement with Remington Lodging, which describes
the terms of Remington Lodgings management of our hotels,
as well as any future hotels we may acquire that will be managed
by Remington Lodging. If we terminate the management agreement
as to any of the six hotels we acquired in connection with our
initial public offering, which are all subject to the management
agreement, because we elect to sell those hotels, we will be
required to pay Remington Lodging a substantial termination fee.
The exclusivity agreement requires us to engage Remington
Lodging, unless our independent directors either
(i) unanimously vote to hire a different manager or
developer, or (ii) by a majority vote, elect not to engage
Remington Lodging because they have determined that special
circumstances exist or that, based on Remington Lodgings
prior performance, another manager or developer could perform
the duties materially better. As the sole owners of Remington
Lodging, which would receive any development, management and
management termination fees payable by us under the management
agreement, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett may
influence our decisions to sell, acquire or develop hotels when
it is not in the best interests of our stockholders to do so.
In addition, Ashford Financial Corporation, an affiliate,
contributed certain asset management and consulting agreements
to us in connection with our initial public offering relating to
management and consulting services that Ashford Financial
Corporation agreed to perform for hotel property managers with
respect to 27 identified hotel properties in which
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett held a minority
interest. Ashford Financial Corporation is 100% owned by
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett. The agreements
provided for annual payments to us, as the assignee of Ashford
Financial Corporation, in consideration for our performance of
certain asset management and consulting services. The exact
amount of the consideration due to us under the remaining asset
management and consulting agreements is contingent upon the
revenue generated by the hotels underlying the asset management
and consulting agreements. Ashford Financial Corporation has
guaranteed a minimum payment to us of $1.2 million per
year, subject to adjustments based on the consumer price index,
through December 31, 2008. All but one of the 27 hotel
properties for which we previously provided the asset management
and consulting services have been sold, including our
acquisition of 21 of the hotel properties in March 2006. We do
not expect the remaining hotel property for which we provide
asset management and consulting services to generate sufficient
revenue to result in at least $1.2 million in fees to us
per year of the agreement. Accordingly, we anticipate collecting
the balance of the guaranteed minimum payment of
$1.2 million per year from Ashford Financial Corporation
under its guarantee.
|
|
|
Tax indemnification obligations that apply in the event
that we sell certain properties could limit our operating
flexibility. |
If we dispose of any of the five properties that were
contributed to us in exchange for units in our operating
partnership in connection with our initial public offering, we
may be obligated to indemnify the contributors, including
Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett whom have substantial
ownership interests, against
3
the tax consequences of the sale. In addition, under the tax
indemnification agreements, we have agreed for a period of
10 years to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain
non-recourse mortgage indebtedness in the amount of at least
$16.0 million, which will allow the contributors to defer
recognition of gain in connection with the contribution of the
Las Vegas hotel property as part of our formation.
Additionally, we are prohibited from selling or transferring the
Sea Turtle Inn in Atlantic Beach, Florida, for a certain period
if, as a result, the entity from whom we acquired the property
would recognize gain for federal tax purposes.
Further, in connection with our acquisition of certain
properties in March 2005 that were contributed to us in exchange
for units in our operating partnership, we agreed to certain tax
indemnities with respect to 11 additional properties. If we
dispose of any of these 11 properties or reduce the debt on
these properties in a transaction that results in a taxable gain
to the contributors, we may be obligated to indemnify the
contributors or their specified assignees against the tax
consequences of the transaction.
In general, our tax indemnities will be equal to the amount of
the federal, state and local income tax liability the
contributor or its specified assignee incurs with respect to the
gain allocated to the contributor. The terms of the contribution
agreements also generally require us to gross up tax indemnity
payments for the amount of income taxes due as a result of the
tax indemnity.
While the tax indemnities generally do not contractually limit
our ability to conduct our business in the way we desire, we are
less likely to sell any of the contributed properties for which
we have agreed to the tax indemnities described above in a
taxable transaction during the applicable indemnity period.
Instead, we would either hold the property for the entire
indemnity period or seek to transfer the property in a
tax-deferred like-kind exchange. In addition, a condemnation of
one of our properties could trigger our tax indemnification
obligations.
|
|
|
Hotel franchise requirements could adversely affect
distributions to our stockholders. |
We must comply with operating standards, terms and conditions
imposed by the franchisors of the hotel brands under which our
hotels operate. Franchisors periodically inspect their licensed
hotels to confirm adherence to their operating standards. The
failure of a hotel to maintain standards could result in the
loss or cancellation of a franchise license. With respect to
operational standards, we rely on our property managers to
conform to such standards. Franchisors may also require us to
make certain capital improvements to maintain the hotel in
accordance with system standards, the cost of which can be
substantial. It is possible that a franchisor could condition
the continuation of a franchise based on the completion of
capital improvements that our management or board of directors
determines are too expensive or otherwise not economically
feasible in light of general economic conditions or the
operating results or prospects of the affected hotel. In that
event, our management or board of directors may elect to allow
the franchise to lapse or be terminated, which could result in a
change in brand franchising or operation of the hotel as an
independent hotel.
In addition, when the term of a franchise expires, the
franchisor has no obligation to issue a new franchise. The loss
of a franchise could have a material adverse effect on the
operations or the underlying value of the affected hotel because
of the loss of associated name recognition, marketing support
and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor.
The loss of a franchise could also have a material adverse
effect on cash available for distribution to stockholders.
|
|
|
Future terrorist attacks similar in nature to the events
of September 11, 2001 may negatively affect the performance
of our properties, the hotel industry in general and our future
results of operations and financial condition. |
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, their
after-effects and the resulting
U.S.-led military
action in Iraq substantially reduced business and leisure travel
throughout the United States and hotel industry revenue per
available room, or RevPAR, generally during the period following
September 11, 2001. We cannot predict the extent to which
additional terrorist attacks, acts of war or similar events may
occur in the future or how such events would directly or
indirectly impact the hotel industry or our operating results.
4
Future terrorist attacks, acts of war or similar events could
have further material adverse effects on the hotel industry at
large and our operations in particular.
|
|
|
Our investments will be concentrated in particular
segments of a single industry. |
Our entire business is hotel related. Our current investment
strategy is to acquire or develop upscale to upper-upscale
hotels, acquire first mortgages on hotel properties, invest in
other mortgage-related instruments such as mezzanine loans to
hotel owners and operators and participate in hotel
sale-leaseback transactions. Adverse conditions in the hotel
industry will have a material adverse effect on our operating
and investment revenues and cash available for distribution to
our stockholders.
|
|
|
We rely on third party property managers, including
Remington Lodging, to operate our hotels and for a significant
majority of our cash flow. |
For us to continue to qualify as a REIT, third parties must
operate our hotels. A REIT may lease its hotels to taxable REIT
subsidiaries in which the REIT can own up to a 100% interest. A
taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, pays corporate level income tax
and may retain any after-tax income. A REIT must satisfy certain
conditions to use the TRS structure. One of those conditions is
that the TRS must hire, to manage the hotels, an eligible
independent contractor (EIC) that is actively
engaged in the trade or business of managing hotels for parties
other than the REIT. An EIC cannot (i) own more than 35% of
the REIT, (ii) be owned more than 35% by persons owning
more than 35% of the REIT or (iii) provide any income to
the REIT (i.e., the EIC cannot pay fees to the REIT, and the
REIT cannot own any debt or equity securities of the EIC).
Accordingly, while we may lease hotels to a TRS that we own, the
TRS must engage a third-party operator to manage the hotels.
Thus, our ability to direct and control how our hotels are
operated is less than if we were able to manage our hotels
directly. We have entered into a management agreement with
Remington Lodging, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie
and Montgomery Bennett, to manage 28 of our 73 lodging
properties, and we have hired unaffiliated thirdparty
property managers to manage our remaining properties. We do not
supervise any of the property managers or their respective
personnel on a
day-to-day basis, and
we cannot assure you that the property managers will manage our
properties in a manner that is consistent with their respective
obligations under the applicable management agreement or our
obligations under our hotel franchise agreements. We also cannot
assure you that our property managers will not be negligent in
their performance, will not engage in other criminal or
fraudulent activity, or will not otherwise default on their
respective management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing
occurs, our relationships with the franchisors may be damaged,
we may be in breach of the franchise agreement, and we could
incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to our property
or to persons at our properties. Any of these circumstances
could have a material adverse effect on our operating results
and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends
to stockholders.
|
|
|
If we cannot obtain additional financing, our growth will
be limited. |
We are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90%
of our taxable income, excluding net capital gains, each year to
continue to qualify as a REIT. As a result, our retained
earnings available to fund acquisitions, development or other
capital expenditures are nominal. As such, we rely upon the
availability of additional debt or equity capital to fund these
activities. Our long-term ability to grow through acquisitions
or development of hotel-related assets will be limited if we
cannot obtain additional financing. Market conditions may make
it difficult to obtain financing, and we cannot assure you that
we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing or
that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms.
|
|
|
We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue from
operations to pay our operating expenses and to pay dividends to
our stockholders. |
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our
taxable income each year to our stockholders. We intend to
distribute to our stockholders all or substantially all of our
taxable income each
5
year so as to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to REITs,
but our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected
by the risk factors described in this prospectus. We cannot
assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the
future. In the event of continued or future downturns in our
operating results and financial performance, unanticipated
capital improvements to our hotels or declines in the value of
our mortgage portfolio, we may be unable to declare or pay
distributions to our stockholders. The timing and amount of
distributions are in the sole discretion of our board of
directors, which will consider, among other factors, our
financial performance, debt service obligations applicable debt
covenants, and capital expenditure requirements.
|
|
|
We are subject to various risks related to our use of, and
dependence on, debt. |
The interest we pay on variablerate debt increases as
interest rates increase, which may decrease cash available for
distribution to stockholders. We cannot assure you that we will
be able to meet our debt service obligations. If we do not meet
our debt service obligations, we risk the loss of some or all of
our assets to foreclosure. Changes in economic conditions or our
financial results or prospects could (i) result in higher
interest rates on variablerate debt, (ii) reduce the
availability of debt financing generally or debt financing at
favorable rates, (iii) reduce cash available for
distribution to stockholders and (iv) increase the risk
that we could be forced to liquidate assets to repay debt, any
of which could have a material adverse affect on us.
If we violate covenants in any debt agreements, we could be
required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before
maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing
for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of
certain debt covenants may prohibit us from borrowing unused
amounts under our lines of credit, even if repayment of some or
all the borrowings is not required.
In any event, financial covenants under our current or future
debt obligations could impair our planned business strategies by
limiting our ability to borrow beyond certain amounts or for
certain purposes.
Our governing instruments do not contain any limitation on our
ability to incur indebtedness.
|
|
|
We compete with other hotels for guests. We also face
competition for acquisitions of lodging properties and of
desirable mortgage investments. |
The mid, upscale and upper-upscale segments of the hotel
business are competitive. Our hotels compete on the basis of
location, room rates, quality, service levels, reputation and
reservation systems, among many other factors. New hotels may be
constructed and these additions to supply create new
competitors, in some cases without corresponding increases in
demand for hotel rooms. The result in some cases may be lower
revenue, which would result in lower cash available for
distribution to stockholders.
We compete for hotel acquisitions with entities that have
similar investment objectives as we do. This competition could
limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to
us. It may also increase the bargaining power of property owners
seeking to sell to us, making it more difficult for us to
acquire new properties on attractive terms or on the terms
contemplated in our business plan.
We also compete for mortgage asset investments with numerous
public and private real estate investment vehicles, such as
mortgage banks, pension funds, other REITs, institutional
investors and individuals. Mortgages and other investments are
often obtained through a competitive bidding process. In
addition, competitors may seek to establish relationships with
the financial institutions and other firms from which we intend
to purchase such assets. Competition may result in higher prices
for mortgage assets, lower yields and a narrower spread of
yields over our borrowing costs.
Many of our competitors are larger than us, may have access to
greater capital, marketing and other resources, may have
personnel with more experience than our officers, may be able to
accept higher levels of debt or otherwise may tolerate more risk
than us, may have better relations with hotel franchisors,
sellers or lenders and may have other advantages over us in
conducting certain business and providing certain services.
6
|
|
|
We may engage in hedging transactions, which can limit our
gains and increase exposure to losses. |
We may enter into hedging transactions to protect (i) us
from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on
floatingrate debt and (ii) our portfolio of mortgage
assets from interest rate and prepayment rate fluctuations. Our
hedging transactions may include entering into interest rate
swap agreements or interest rate cap or floor agreements,
purchasing or selling futures contracts, purchasing put and call
options on securities or securities underlying futures
contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Hedging
activities may not have the desired beneficial impact on our
results of operations or financial condition. No hedging
activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated
with changes in interest rates and prepayment rates. Moreover,
interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely
affect us because, among other things:
|
|
|
|
|
Available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with
the interest rate risk for which protection is sought. |
|
|
|
The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the
related liability. |
|
|
|
The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on
its obligation to pay. |
|
|
|
The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be
downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell
or assign our side of the hedging transaction. |
|
|
|
The value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from
time to time in accordance with generally accepted accounting
rules to reflect changes in fair value. Downward adjustments, or
mark-to-market
losses, would reduce our stockholders equity. |
Hedging involves both risks and costs, including transaction
costs, that may reduce our overall returns on our investments.
These costs increase as the period covered by the hedging
relationship increases and during periods of rising and volatile
interest rates. These costs will also limit the amount of cash
available for distributions to stockholders. We generally intend
to hedge as much of the interest rate risk as management
determines is in our best interests given the cost of such
hedging transactions. The REIT qualification rules may limit our
ability to enter into hedging transactions by requiring us to
limit our income from hedges. If we are unable to hedge
effectively because of the REIT rules, we will face greater
interest rate exposure than may be commercially prudent.
|
|
|
We may not be able to sell our investments on favorable
terms. |
We may decide to sell investments for a variety of reasons. We
cannot assure you that we will be able to sell any of our
investments on favorable terms, or that our investments will not
be sold for a loss.
Risks Related to Hotel Investments
|
|
|
We are subject to general risks associated with operating
hotels. |
Our hotels and hotels underlying our mortgage and mezzanine
loans are subject to various operating risks common to the hotel
industry, many of which are beyond our control, including the
following:
|
|
|
|
|
our hotels compete with other hotel properties in their
geographic markets and many of our competitors have substantial
marketing and financial resources; |
|
|
|
over-building in our markets, which adversely affects occupancy
and revenues at our hotels; |
|
|
|
dependence on business and commercial travelers and
tourism; and |
|
|
|
adverse effects of general, regional and local economic
conditions and increases in energy costs or labor costs and
other expenses affecting travel, which may affect travel
patterns and reduce the number of business and commercial
travelers and tourists. |
These factors could adversely affect our hotel revenues and
expenses, as well as the hotels underlying our mortgage and
mezzanine loans, which in turn would adversely affect our
ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
7
|
|
|
We may have to make significant capital expenditures to
maintain our lodging properties. |
Our hotels have an ongoing need for renovations and other
capital improvements, including replacements of furniture,
fixtures and equipment. Franchisors of our hotels may also
require periodic capital improvements as a condition of
maintaining franchise licenses. Generally, we are responsible
for the cost of these capital improvements, which gives rise to
the following risks:
|
|
|
|
|
cost overruns and delays; |
|
|
|
renovations can be disruptive to operations and can displace
revenue at the hotels, including revenue lost while rooms under
renovation are out of service; |
|
|
|
the cost of funding renovations and the possibility that
financing for these renovations may not be available on
attractive terms; and |
|
|
|
the risk that the return on our investment in these capital
improvements will not be what we expect. |
If we have insufficient cash flow from operations to fund needed
capital expenditures, then we will need to borrow to fund future
capital improvements.
|
|
|
The hotel business is seasonal, which affects our results
of operations from quarter to quarter. |
The hotel industry is seasonal in nature. Generally, occupancy
rates and hotel revenues are greater in the second and third
quarters than in the first and fourth quarters. This seasonality
can cause quarterly fluctuations in our revenues.
|
|
|
Our development activities may be more costly than we have
anticipated. |
As part of our growth strategy, we may develop additional
hotels. Hotel development involves substantial risks, including
that:
|
|
|
|
|
actual development costs may exceed our budgeted or contracted
amounts; |
|
|
|
construction delays may prevent us from opening hotels on
schedule; |
|
|
|
we may not be able to obtain all necessary zoning, land use,
building, occupancy and construction permits; |
|
|
|
our developed properties may not achieve our desired revenue or
profit goals; and |
|
|
|
we may incur substantial development costs and then have to
abandon a development project before completion. |
Risks Relating to Investments in Mortgages and Mezzanine
Loans
|
|
|
Mortgage investments that are not United States government
insured and non-investment grade mortgage assets involve risk of
loss. |
As part of our business strategy, we originate and acquire
lodging-related uninsured and non-investment grade mortgage
loans and mortgage assets, including mezzanine loans. While
holding these interests, we are subject to risks of borrower
defaults, bankruptcies, fraud and related losses and special
hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance.
Also, costs of financing the mortgage loans could exceed returns
on the mortgage loans. In the event of any default under
mortgage loans held by us, we will bear the risk of loss of
principal and non-payment of interest and fees to the extent of
any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral and
the principal amount of the mortgage loan. To the extent we
suffer such losses with respect to our investments in mortgage
loans, our value and the price of our securities may be
adversely affected.
8
|
|
|
We invest in non-recourse loans, which will limit our
recovery to the value of the mortgaged property. |
Our mortgage loan assets are generally non-recourse. With
respect to our non-recourse mortgage loan assets, in the event
of a borrower default, the specific mortgaged property and other
assets, if any, pledged to secure the relevant mortgage loan,
may be less than the amount owed under the mortgage loan. As to
those mortgage loan assets that provide for recourse against the
borrower and its assets generally, we cannot assure you that the
recourse will provide a recovery in respect of a defaulted
mortgage loan greater than the liquidation value of the
mortgaged property securing that mortgage loan.
|
|
|
Investment yields affect our decision whether to originate
or purchase investments and the price offered for such
investments. |
In making any investment, we consider the expected yield of the
investment and the factors that may influence the yield actually
obtained on such investment. These considerations affect our
decision whether to originate or purchase an investment and the
price offered for that investment. No assurances can be given
that we can make an accurate assessment of the yield to be
produced by an investment. Many factors beyond our control are
likely to influence the yield on the investments, including, but
not limited to, competitive conditions in the local real estate
market, local and general economic conditions and the quality of
management of the underlying property. Our inability to
accurately assess investment yields may result in our purchasing
assets that do not perform as well as expected, which may
adversely affect the price of our securities.
|
|
|
Volatility of values of mortgaged properties may adversely
affect our mortgage loans. |
Lodging property values and net operating income derived from
lodging properties are subject to volatility and may be affected
adversely by a number of factors, including the risk factors
described in this prospectus relating to general economic
conditions, operating lodging properties and owning real estate
investments. In the event its net operating income decreases, a
borrower may have difficulty paying our mortgage loan, which
could result in losses to us. In addition, decreases in property
values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential
proceeds available to a borrower to repay our mortgage loans,
which could also cause us to suffer losses.
|
|
|
Mezzanine loans involve greater risks of loss than senior
loans secured by income producing properties. |
We make and acquire mezzanine loans. These types of mortgage
loans are considered to involve a higher degree of risk than
long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing
real property due to a variety of factors, including the loan
being entirely unsecured or, if secured, becoming unsecured as a
result of foreclosure by the senior lender. We may not recover
some or all of our investment in these loans. In addition,
mezzanine loans may have higher
loan-to-value ratios
than conventional mortgage loans resulting in less equity in the
property and increasing the risk of loss of principal.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
|
|
|
Mortgage debt obligations expose us to increased risk of
property losses, which could harm our financial condition, cash
flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations and pay
dividends. |
Incurring mortgage debt increases our risk of property losses
because defaults on indebtedness secured by properties may
result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and
ultimately our loss of the property securing any loans for which
we are in default. For tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our
properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a
purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt
secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt
secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property,
we would recognize taxable income on the foreclosure but would
not receive any cash proceeds. As a result, we may be required
to identify and utilize other sources of cash for distributions
to our stockholders of that income.
9
In addition, our default under any one of our mortgage debt
obligations may result in a default on our other indebtedness.
If this occurs, our financial condition, cash flow and ability
to satisfy our other debt obligations or ability to pay
dividends may be harmed.
|
|
|
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly
impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the
performance of our properties and harm our financial
condition. |
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our
ability to promptly sell one or more properties or mortgage
loans in our portfolio in response to changing economic,
financial and investment conditions is limited. The real estate
market is affected by many factors that are beyond our control,
including:
|
|
|
|
|
adverse changes in national and local economic and market
conditions; |
|
|
|
changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and
terms of debt financing; |
|
|
|
changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies
and zoning and other ordinances and costs of compliance with
laws and regulations; |
|
|
|
the ongoing need for capital improvements, particularly in older
structures; |
|
|
|
changes in operating expenses; and |
|
|
|
civil unrest, acts of war and natural disasters, including
earthquakes and floods, which may result in uninsured and
underinsured losses. |
We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property
or loan for the price or on the terms set by us, or whether any
price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be
acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time
needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a
property or loan. Because we intend to offer more flexible terms
on our mortgage loans than some providers of commercial mortgage
loans, we may have more difficulty selling or participating our
loans to secondary purchasers than would these more traditional
lenders.
We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make
improvements before a property can be sold. We cannot assure you
that we will have funds available to correct those defects or to
make those improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree
to lock-out provisions that materially restrict us from selling
that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions,
such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or
repaid on that property. These factors and any others that would
impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the
performance of our properties could have a material adverse
effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well
as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
|
|
|
The costs of compliance with or liabilities under
environmental laws may harm our operating results. |
Our properties and properties underlying our loan assets may be
subject to environmental liabilities. An owner of real property,
or a lender with respect to a property that exercises control
over the property, can face liability for environmental
contamination created by the presence or discharge of hazardous
substances on the property. We may face liability regardless of:
|
|
|
|
|
our knowledge of the contamination; |
|
|
|
the timing of the contamination; |
|
|
|
the cause of the contamination; or |
|
|
|
the party responsible for the contamination. |
There may be environmental problems associated with our
properties or properties underlying our loan assets of which we
are unaware. Some of our properties or the properties underlying
our loan assets use, or may have used in the past, underground
tanks for the storage of petroleum-based or waste products that
could create a potential for release of hazardous substances. If
environmental contamination exists on a property, we
10
could become subject to strict, joint and several liability for
the contamination if we own the property or if we foreclose on
the property or otherwise have control over the property.
The presence of hazardous substances on a property we own or
have made a loan with respect to may adversely affect our
ability to sell or foreclose on the property, and we may incur
substantial remediation costs. The discovery of environmental
liabilities attached to our properties or properties underlying
our loan assets could have a material adverse effect on our
results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay
dividends to stockholders.
We have environmental insurance policies on each of our owned
properties, and we intend to obtain environmental insurance for
any other properties that we may acquire. However, if
environmental liabilities are discovered during the underwriting
of the insurance policies for any property that we may acquire
in the future, we may be unable to obtain insurance coverage for
the liabilities at commercially reasonable rates or at all, and
we may experience losses. In addition, we generally do not
require our borrowers to obtain environmental insurance on the
properties they own that secure their loans from us.
|
|
|
Our properties and the properties underlying our mortgage
loans may contain or develop harmful mold, which could lead to
liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating
the problem. |
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building
materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture
problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period
of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants.
Concern about indoor exposure to mold has been increasing as
exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects
and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a
result, the presence of significant mold at any of our
properties or the properties underlying our loan assets could
require us or our borrowers to undertake a costly remediation
program to contain or remove the mold from the affected
property. In addition, the presence of significant mold could
expose us or our borrowers to liability from guests, employees
and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
|
|
|
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and
fire, safety and other regulations may require us or our
borrowers to make unintended expenditures that adversely impact
our operating results. |
All of our properties and properties underlying our mortgage
loans are required to comply with the Americans with
Disabilities Act, or the ADA. The ADA requires that public
accommodations such as hotels be made accessible to people
with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA requirements could
require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could
result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an
award of damages to private litigants, or both. We or our
borrowers may be required to expend funds to comply with the
provisions of the ADA at our hotels or hotels underlying our
loan assets, which could adversely affect our results of
operations and financial condition and our ability to make
distributions to stockholders. In addition, we and our borrowers
are required to operate our properties in compliance with fire
and safety regulations, building codes and other land use
regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and
bodies and become applicable to our properties. We and our
borrowers may be required to make substantial capital
expenditures to comply with those requirements, and these
expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our
operating results and financial condition, as well as our
ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
|
|
|
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses. |
We have property and casualty insurance with respect to our
properties and other insurance, in each case, with loss limits
and coverage thresholds deemed reasonable by our management (and
with the intent to satisfy the requirements of lenders and
franchisors). In doing so, we have made decisions with respect
to what deductibles, policy limits and terms are reasonable
based on managements experience, our risk profile, the
loss history of our property managers and our properties, the
nature of our properties and our businesses, our loss prevention
efforts and the cost of insurance.
Various types of catastrophic losses may not be insurable or may
not be economically insurable. In the event of a substantial
loss, our insurance coverage may not cover the full current
market value or replacement
11
cost of our lost investment. Inflation, changes in building
codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other
factors might cause insurance proceeds to be insufficient to
fully replace or renovate a hotel after it has been damaged or
destroyed. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that
(i) the insurance coverage thresholds that we have obtained
will fully protect us against insurable losses (i.e., losses may
exceed coverage limits); (ii) we will not incur large
deductibles that will adversely affect our earnings;
(iii) we will not incur losses from risks that are not
insurable or that are not economically insurable; or
(iv) current coverage thresholds will continue to be
available at reasonable rates. In the future, we may choose not
to maintain terrorism insurance on any of our properties. As a
result, one or more large uninsured or underinsured losses could
have a material adverse affect on us.
Each of our current lenders requires us to maintain certain
insurance coverage thresholds, and we anticipate that future
lenders will have similar requirements. We believe that we have
complied with the insurance maintenance requirements under the
current governing loan documents and we intend to comply with
any such requirements in any future loan documents. However, a
lender may disagree, in which case the lender could obtain
additional coverage thresholds and seek payment from us, or
declare us in default under the loan documents. In the former
case, we could spend more for insurance than we otherwise deem
reasonable or necessary, or, in the latter case, subject us to a
foreclosure on hotels collateralizing one or more loans. In
addition, a material casualty to one or more hotels
collateralizing loans may result in (i) the insurance
company applying to the outstanding loan balance insurance
proceeds that otherwise would be available to repair the damage
caused by the casualty, which would require us to fund the
repairs through other sources, or (ii) the lender
foreclosing on the hotels if there is a material loss that is
not insured.
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
|
|
|
If we do not qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax
as a regular corporation and face substantial tax
liability. |
We conduct operations so as to qualify as a REIT under the
Internal Revenue Code. However, qualification as a REIT involves
the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue
Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or
administrative interpretations exist. Even a technical or
inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status.
Furthermore, new tax legislation, administrative guidance or
court decisions, in each instance potentially with retroactive
effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to
qualify as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax
year, then:
|
|
|
|
|
we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which,
among other things, means being unable to deduct distributions
to stockholders in computing taxable income and being subject to
federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate
rates; |
|
|
|
we would also be subject to federal alternative minimum tax and,
possibly, increased state and local taxes; |
|
|
|
any resulting tax liability could be substantial and would
reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to
stockholders; and |
|
|
|
unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory
provisions, we would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT
for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during
which we lost our qualification, and, thus, our cash available
for distribution to stockholders would be reduced for each of
the years that we did not qualify as a REIT. |
If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will not be required to make
distributions to stockholders to maintain our tax status. As a
result of all of these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT
would impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business
and make distributions to our stockholders and would adversely
affect the value of our securities.
12
|
|
|
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other
tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow. |
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be
subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income
and assets. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
We will be required to pay tax on undistributed REIT taxable
income. |
|
|
|
We may be required to pay the alternative minimum
tax on our items of tax preference. |
|
|
|
If we have net income from the disposition of foreclosure
property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of business or other non-qualifying income from
foreclosure property, we must pay tax on that income at the
highest corporate rate. |
|
|
|
If we sell a property in a prohibited transaction,
our gain from the sale would be subject to a 100% penalty tax. A
prohibited transaction would be a sale of property,
other than a foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to
customers in the ordinary course of business. |
|
|
|
Our taxable REIT subsidiaries, including Ashford
TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation, are fully
taxable corporations and will be required to pay federal and
state taxes on their income. |
|
|
|
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego
otherwise attractive opportunities. |
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must
continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the
sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our
assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the
ownership of our stock. We may be required to make distributions
to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have
funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with
the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely
on the basis of maximizing profits.
|
|
|
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to
hedge effectively. |
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our
ability to hedge mortgage securities and related borrowings by
requiring us to limit our income in each year from qualified
hedges, together with any other income not generated from
qualified real estate assets, to no more than 25% of our gross
income. In addition, we must limit our aggregate income from
nonqualified hedging transactions, from our provision of
services and from other non-qualifying sources to no more than
5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we may have to limit
our use of advantageous hedging techniques. This could result in
greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we
would otherwise want to incur. If we were to violate the 25% or
5% limitations, we may have to pay a penalty tax equal to the
amount of income in excess of those limitations, multiplied by a
fraction intended to reflect our profitability. If we fail to
satisfy the REIT gross income tests, unless our failure was due
to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we could
lose our REIT status for federal income tax purposes.
|
|
|
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate
otherwise attractive investments. |
To qualify as a REIT, we must also ensure that at the end of
each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our assets
consists of cash, cash items, government securities and
qualified REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our
investment in securities (other than government securities and
qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than
10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or
more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities
of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of
the value of our assets (other than government securities and
qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of
any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total
securities can be represented by securities of one or more
taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with these
requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct
such failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar
quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse
tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate
otherwise attractive investments.
13
|
|
|
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow to
make distributions to stockholders. |
As a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable
income (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders. To
the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but
distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be
subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed
taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4%
nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to
our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum
amount specified under federal tax laws.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than
our net income for financial reporting purposes due to, among
other things, amortization of capitalized purchase premiums, or
our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available
for distribution to stockholders. If we do not have other funds
available in these situations, we could be required to borrow
funds, sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find
another alternative source of funds to make distributions
sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income
to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid corporate
income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These
alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.
|
|
|
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax
changes that could reduce the market price of our
securities. |
At any time, the federal income tax laws governing REITs or the
administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. Any
of those new laws or interpretations may take effect
retroactively and could adversely affect us or you as a
stockholder. On May 28, 2003, the President signed the Jobs
and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which we refer
to as the Jobs and Growth Tax Act. Effective for taxable years
beginning after December 31, 2002, the Jobs and Growth Tax
Act reduced the maximum rate of tax applicable to individuals on
dividend income from regular C corporations from 38.6% to 15.0%.
This reduced substantially the so-called double
taxation (that is, taxation at both the corporate and
stockholder levels) that has generally applied to corporations
that are not taxed as REITs. Generally, dividends from REITs
will not qualify for the dividend tax reduction. The
implementation of the Jobs and Growth Tax Act could ultimately
cause individual investors to view stocks of non-REIT
corporations as more attractive relative to shares of REITs than
was the case previously because the dividends paid by non-REIT
corporations would be subject to lower tax rates for the
individual. We cannot predict whether in fact this will occur or
whether, if it occurs, what the impact will be on the value of
our securities.
|
|
|
Your investment in our securities has various federal,
state and local income tax risks that could affect the value of
your investment. |
Although the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relevant to
your investment in our securities are generally described in
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a
REIT, we strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor
concerning the effects of federal, state and local income tax
law on an investment in our securities, because of the complex
nature of the tax rules applicable to REITs and their
stockholders.
Risk Factors Related to Our Corporate Structure
|
|
|
There are no assurances of our ability to make
distributions in the future. |
We intend to continue paying quarterly dividends and to make
distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that all or
substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to
certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other
factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits
accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, our
ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk
factors described in this prospectus. All distributions will be
made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend
upon our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our
REIT status and such other factors as our board of directors may
deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our
ability to pay dividends in the future. In addition, some of our
distributions may include a return of capital.
14
|
|
|
Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment
Company Act would adversely affect our results of
operations. |
We believe that we will conduct our business in a manner that
allows us to avoid registration as an investment company under
the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. Under
Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, entities that are
primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise
acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in
real estate are not treated as investment companies. The
SEC staffs position generally requires us to maintain at
least 55% of our assets directly in qualifying real estate
interests to be able to rely on this exemption. To constitute a
qualifying real estate interest under this 55% requirement, a
real estate interest must meet various criteria. Mortgage
securities that do not represent all of the certificates issued
with respect to an underlying pool of mortgages may be treated
as securities separate from the underlying mortgage loans and,
thus, may not qualify for purposes of the 55% requirement. Our
ownership of these mortgage securities, therefore, is limited by
the provisions of the 1940 Act and SEC staff interpretive
positions. There are no assurances that efforts to pursue our
intended investment program will not be adversely affected by
operation of these rules.
|
|
|
Our charter does not permit ownership in excess of 9.8% of
our capital stock, and attempts to acquire our capital stock in
excess of the 9.8% limit without approval from our board of
directors are void. |
For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our
charter prohibits direct or constructive ownership by any person
of more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value of
the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% of
the lesser of the total number or value of the outstanding
shares of our preferred stock unless our board of directors
grants a waiver. Our charters constructive ownership rules
are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group
of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be
constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result,
the acquisition of less than 9.8% of the outstanding stock by an
individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to
own constructively in excess of 9.8% of the outstanding stock,
and thus be subject to our charters ownership limit. Any
attempt to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred
stock in excess of the ownership limit without the consent of
the board of directors will be void, and could result in the
shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust.
|
|
|
Because provisions contained in Maryland law and our
charter may have an anti-takeover effect, investors may be
prevented from receiving a control premium for their
shares. |
Provisions contained in our charter and Maryland general
corporation law may have effects that delay, defer or prevent a
takeover attempt, which may prevent stockholders from receiving
a control premium for their shares. For example,
these provisions may defer or prevent tender offers for our
common stock or purchases of large blocks of our common stock,
thereby limiting the opportunities for our stockholders to
receive a premium for their common stock over then-prevailing
market prices. These provisions include the following:
|
|
|
|
|
Ownership limit: The ownership limit in our charter
limits related investors, including, among other things, any
voting group, from acquiring over 9.8% of our common stock
without our permission. |
|
|
|
Classification of preferred stock: Our charter authorizes
our board of directors to issue preferred stock in one or more
classes and to establish the preferences and rights of any class
of preferred stock issued. These actions can be taken without
soliciting stockholder approval. The issuance of preferred stock
could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from
taking control of us, even if a change in control were in our
stockholders best interests. |
Maryland statutory law provides that an act of a director
relating to or affecting an acquisition or a potential
acquisition of control of a corporation may not be subject to a
higher duty or greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act
of a director. Hence, directors of a Maryland corporation are
not required to act in takeover situations under the same
standards as apply in Delaware and other corporate jurisdictions.
15
|
|
|
Offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our
common stock and any preferred stock upon liquidation, or equity
securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may
be senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividend
distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our
common stock and any preferred stock. |
This prospectus contemplates the offering of debt securities as
well as preferred stock. Additionally, in the future, we may
attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional
offerings of debt or equity securities, including commercial
paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and
classes of preferred stock or common stock or classes of
preferred units. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt
securities or preferred units and lenders with respect to other
borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets
prior to the holders of shares of preferred stock or common
stock, and holders of our debt securities and shares of
preferred stock or preferred units and lenders with respect to
other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available
assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional
equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing
stockholders or reduce the market price of our common or
preferred stock, or both. Our preferred stock or preferred
units, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating
distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could
limit our ability to make a dividend distribution to the holders
of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in
any future offering will depend on market conditions and other
factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the
amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our
stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the
market price of our securities and diluting their securities
holdings in us.
|
|
|
Securities eligible for future sale may have adverse
effects on the market price of our securities. |
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of
securities, or the availability of securities for future sales,
on the market price of our outstanding securities. Sales of
substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that these
sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices
for our securities.
We also may issue from time to time additional securities or
units of our operating partnership in connection with the
acquisition of properties and we may grant additional demand or
piggyback registration rights in connection with these
issuances. Sales of substantial amounts of our securities or the
perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the
prevailing market price for our securities or may impair our
ability to raise capital through a sale of additional debt or
equity securities.
|
|
|
We depend on key personnel with long-standing business
relationships. The loss of key personnel could threaten our
ability to operate our business successfully. |
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the
continued services of our management team. In particular, the
lodging industry experience of Messrs. Archie and
Montgomery Bennett, Kessler, Brooks, Kimichik and Nunneley and
the extent and nature of the relationships they have developed
with hotel franchisors, operators and owners and hotel lending
and other financial institutions are critically important to the
success of our business. We do not maintain keyperson life
insurance on any of our officers. Although these officers
currently have employment agreements with us, we cannot assure
you of the continued employment of all of our officers. The loss
of services of one or more members of our corporate management
team could harm our business and our prospects.
|
|
|
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse
effect on the market price of our securities. |
A factor investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or
sell our securities is our dividend rate as a percentage of our
share or unit price, relative to market interest rates. If
market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire
a higher dividend or interest rate on our securities or seek
securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price
of our securities is likely based on the earnings and return
that we derive from our investments and income with respect to
our properties and our related distributions to stockholders,
and not from the market value or underlying appraised value of
the properties or investments themselves. As a result, interest
rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the
market price of our securities. For instance, if interest rates
rise without an increase in our dividend rate, the market price
of
16
our common or preferred stock could decrease because potential
investors may require a higher dividend yield on our common or
preferred stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities,
such as bonds, rise. In addition, rising interest rates would
result in increased interest expense on our variablerate
debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flow and our ability to
service our indebtedness and pay dividends.
Our major policies,
including our policies and practices with respect to
investments, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT
qualification and distributions, are determined by our board of
directors. Although we have no present intention to do so, our
board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies
from time to time without a vote of our stockholders.
Accordingly, our stockholders will have limited control over
changes in our policies and the changes could harm our business,
results of operations and share price.
Changes in our strategy or investment or leverage policy could
expose us to greater credit risk and interest rate risk or could
result in a more leveraged balance sheet. We cannot predict the
effect any changes to our current operating policies and
strategies may have on our business, operating results and stock
price. However, the effects may be adverse.
USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, we expect
to use the net proceeds from the sale of these securities for
general corporate purposes.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND
EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK
DIVIDENDS
Our historical ratio of earnings to fixed charges and our ratio
of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends for the three months ended March 31, 2006 and for
each of the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 are set
forth below. The amount of coverage deficiency between earning
and fixed charges for the period August 29, 2003 to
December 31, 2003 was $1,843,084, and we had no preferred
stock outstanding during that period.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended | |
|
|
Three Months | |
|
December 31, | |
|
|
Ended March 31, | |
|
| |
|
|
2006 | |
|
2005 | |
|
2004 | |
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges
|
|
|
1.52 |
|
|
|
1.08 |
|
|
|
1.21 |
|
Ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends
|
|
|
1.24 |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
1.08 |
|
|
|
* |
The amount of coverage deficiency for this period was $6,362,528. |
For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges
and of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends and the amount of coverage deficiency, earnings have
been calculated by adding fixed charges, excluding capitalized
interest, to income (loss) from continuing operations before
income taxes, gains or losses on property sales and (if
applicable) minority interest in our operating partnership.
Fixed charges consist (if applicable) of interest costs, whether
expensed or capitalized, the interest component of rental
expense and amortization of debt issuance costs and excludes
write-off of debt issuance costs related to early termination of
debt and loss on debt extinguishment.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK
General
We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. Rights
of our stockholders are governed by the Maryland General
Corporation Law, or MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. The
following is a summary of
17
the material provisions of our capital stock. Copies of our
charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where
You Can Find More Information.
Authorized Stock
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 200 million
shares of voting common stock, par value $.01 per share,
and 50 million shares of preferred stock, par value
$.01 per share.
Power to Issue Additional Shares of Our Common Stock and
Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors, without
stockholder approval, to issue additional authorized but
unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to
classify or reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or
preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to issue such
classified or reclassified shares of stock provides us with
flexibility in structuring possible future financings and
acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The
additional classes or series, as well as the common stock, will
be available for issuance without further action by our
stockholders, unless stockholder consent is required by
applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated
quotation system on which our securities may be listed or
traded. Although our board of directors does not intend to do
so, it could authorize us to issue an additional class or series
of stock that could, depending upon the terms of the particular
class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a
change of control of our company that might involve a premium
price for our stockholders or otherwise be in their best
interest.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue
Code or Code, not more than 50% of the value of the
outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, actually or
constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the
Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a
taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to
be a REIT has been made by us). In addition, if we, or one or
more owners (actually or constructively) of 10% or more of us,
actually or constructively owns 10% or more of a tenant of ours
(or a tenant of any partnership in which we are a partner), the
rent received by us (either directly or through any such
partnership) from such tenant will not be qualifying income for
purposes of the REIT gross income tests of the Code. Our stock
must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at
least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or
during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year (other
than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been
made by us).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer
of our capital stock that are intended to assist us in complying
with these requirements and continuing to qualify as a REIT. The
relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to the
exceptions described below, no person or persons acting as a
group may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution
provisions of the Code, more than (i) 9.8% of the lesser of
the number or value of shares of our common stock outstanding or
(ii) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of the
issued and outstanding preferred or other shares of any class or
series of our stock. We refer to this restriction as the
ownership limit.
The ownership attribution rules under the Code are complex and
may cause stock owned actually or constructively by a group of
related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively
by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of
less than 9.8% of our common stock (or the acquisition of an
interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our
common stock) by an individual or entity, could, nevertheless
cause that individual or entity, or another individual or
entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our
outstanding common stock and thereby subject the common stock to
the ownership limit.
Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the
ownership limit with respect to one or more stockholders who
would not be treated as individuals for purposes of
the Code if it determines that such ownership will not cause any
individuals beneficial ownership of shares of
our capital stock to jeopardize our status as a REIT (for
example, by causing any tenant of ours to be considered a
related party tenant for purposes of the REIT
qualification rules).
18
As a condition of our waiver, our board of directors may require
an opinion of counsel or IRS ruling satisfactory to our board of
directors, and/or representations or undertakings from the
applicant with respect to preserving our REIT status.
In connection with the waiver of the ownership limit or at any
other time, our board of directors may decrease the ownership
limit for all other persons and entities; provided, however,
that the decreased ownership limit will not be effective for any
person or entity whose percentage ownership in our capital stock
is in excess of such decreased ownership limit until such time
as such person or entitys percentage of our capital stock
equals or falls below the decreased ownership limit, but any
further acquisition of our capital stock in excess of such
percentage ownership of our capital stock will be in violation
of the ownership limit. Additionally, the new ownership limit
may not allow five or fewer individuals (as defined
for purposes of the REIT ownership restrictions under the Code)
to beneficially own more than 49.0% of the value of our
outstanding capital stock.
Our charter provisions further prohibit:
|
|
|
|
|
any person from actually or constructively owning shares of our
capital stock that would result in us being closely
held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise
cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
|
|
|
any person from transferring shares of our capital stock if such
transfer would result in shares of our stock being beneficially
owned by fewer than 100 persons (determined without reference to
any rules of attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire
beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our common
stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions
on transferability and ownership will be required to give notice
immediately to us and provide us with such other information as
we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer
on our status as a REIT. The foregoing provisions on
transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of
directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests
to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, if any purported transfer of our
capital stock or any other event would otherwise result in any
person violating the ownership limits or the other restrictions
in our charter, then any such purported transfer will be void
and of no force or effect with respect to the purported
transferee or owner (collectively referred to hereinafter as the
purported owner) as to that number of shares in
excess of the ownership limit (rounded up to the nearest whole
share). The number of shares in excess of the ownership limit
will be automatically transferred to, and held by, a trust for
the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable organizations
selected by us. The trustee of the trust will be designated by
us and must be unaffiliated with us and with any purported
owner. The automatic transfer will be effective as of the close
of business on the business day prior to the date of the
violative transfer or other event that results in a transfer to
the trust. Any dividend or other distribution paid to the
purported owner, prior to our discovery that the shares had been
automatically transferred to a trust as described above, must be
repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to the
beneficiary of the trust and all dividends and other
distributions paid by us with respect to such excess
shares prior to the sale by the trustee of such shares shall be
paid to the trustee for the beneficiary. If the transfer to the
trust as described above is not automatically effective, for any
reason, to prevent violation of the applicable ownership limit,
then our charter provides that the transfer of the excess shares
will be void. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date
that such excess shares have been transferred to the trust, the
trustee shall have the authority (at the trustees sole
discretion and subject to applicable law) (i) to rescind as
void any vote cast by a purported owner prior to our discovery
that such shares have been transferred to the trust and
(ii) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of
the trustee acting for the benefit of the beneficiary of the
trust, provided that if we have already taken irreversible
action, then the trustee shall not have the authority to rescind
and recast such vote.
Shares of our capital stock transferred to the trustee are
deemed offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per
share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the
purported owner for the shares (or, if the event which resulted
in the transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase of such
shares of our capital stock at
19
market price, the market price on the day of the event which
resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to
the trust) and (ii) the market price on the date we, or our
designee, accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such
offer until the trustee has sold the shares of our capital stock
held in the trust pursuant to the clauses discussed below. Upon
a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the
shares sold terminates and the trustee must distribute the net
proceeds of the sale to the purported owner and any dividends or
other distributions held by the trustee with respect to such
capital stock will be paid to the charitable beneficiary.
If we do not buy the shares, the trustee must, within
20 days of receiving notice from us of the transfer of
shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity
designated by the trustee who could own the shares without
violating the ownership limits. After that, the trustee must
distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the lesser
of (i) the net price paid by the purported owner for the
shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the
trust did not involve a purchase of such shares at market price,
the market price on the day of the event which resulted in the
transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and
(ii) the net sales proceeds received by the trust for the
shares. Any proceeds in excess of the amount distributable to
the purported owner will be distributed to the beneficiary.
Our charter also provides that Benefit Plan
Investors (as defined in our charter) may not hold,
individually or in the aggregate, 25% or more of the value of
any class or series of shares of our capital stock to the extent
such class or series does not constitute Publicly Offered
Securities (as defined in our charter).
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution
provisions of the Code, more than 5% (or such other percentage
as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Code) of
the lesser of the number or value of the shares of our
outstanding capital stock must give written notice to us within
30 days after the end of each calendar year. In addition,
each stockholder will, upon demand, be required to disclose to
us in writing such information with respect to the direct,
indirect and constructive ownership of shares of our stock as
our board of directors deems reasonably necessary to comply with
the provisions of the Code applicable to a REIT, to comply with
the requirements or any taxing authority or governmental agency
or to determine any such compliance.
All certificates representing shares of our capital stock bear a
legend referring to the restrictions described above.
These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a
transaction or a change of control of our company that might
involve a premium price over the then prevailing market price
for the holders of some, or a majority, of our outstanding
shares of common stock or which such holders might believe to be
otherwise in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and
preferred stock is Computershare Trust Company, N.A.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR COMMON STOCK
The following description of our common stock sets forth certain
general terms and provisions of our common stock to which any
prospectus supplement may relate, including a prospectus
supplement providing that common stock will be issuable upon
conversion or exchange of our debt securities or preferred stock
or upon the exercise of warrants to purchase our common stock.
All shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus will
be duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable. Subject to the
preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to
the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on
transfer of stock, holders of shares of our common stock are
entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if
authorized by our board of directors out of funds legally
available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably in
the assets of our company legally available for distribution to
our stockholders in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or
winding up after payment of or
20
adequate provision for all known debts and liabilities of our
company, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any
class or classes of preferred stock.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on transfer of stock, each outstanding share of our
common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters
submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of
directors and, except as provided with respect to any other
class or series of stock, the holders of such shares will
possess the exclusive voting power. There is no cumulative
voting in the election of our board of directors, which means
that the holders of a plurality of the outstanding shares of our
common stock can elect all of the directors then standing for
election and the holders of the remaining shares will not be
able to elect any directors.
Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference,
conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal
rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any
securities of our company. Subject to the provisions of the
charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, shares
of our common stock will have equal dividend, liquidation and
other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot
dissolve, amend its charter, merge, consolidate, transfer all or
substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share
exchange or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary
course of business unless declared advisable by the board of
directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders
holding at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on
the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not less than a
majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter)
is set forth in the corporations charter. Our charter does
not provide for a lesser percentage for these matters. However,
Maryland law permits a corporation to transfer all or
substantially all of its assets without the approval of the
stockholders of the corporation to one or more persons if all of
the equity interests of the person or persons are owned,
directly or indirectly, by the corporation. Because operating
assets may be held by a corporations subsidiaries, as in
our situation, this may mean that a subsidiary of a corporation
can transfer all of its assets without a vote of the
corporations stockholders.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any
unissued shares of our common stock into other classes or series
of classes of stock and to establish the number of shares in
each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and
other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to
dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or
conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR PREFERRED STOCK
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any
unissued shares of preferred stock and to reclassify any
previously classified but unissued shares of any series. Prior
to issuance of shares of each series, our board of directors is
required by the MGCL and our charter to set the terms,
preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other
distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of
redemption for each such series. Thus, our board of directors
could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with
terms and conditions that could have the effect of delaying,
deferring or preventing a transaction or a change of control of
our company that might involve a premium price for holders of
our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. As of
the date hereof, 2,300,000 shares of Series A
Preferred Stock and 7,447,865 shares of Series B-1
Preferred Stock are outstanding. Our preferred stock will, when
issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and will not have, or be
subject to, any preemptive or similar rights.
The prospectus supplement relating to the series of preferred
stock offered by that supplement will describe the specific
terms of those securities, including:
|
|
|
|
|
the title and stated value of that preferred stock; |
|
|
|
the number of shares of that preferred stock offered, the
liquidation preference per share and the offering price of that
preferred stock; |
|
|
|
the dividend rate(s), period(s) and payment date(s) or method(s)
of calculation thereof applicable to that preferred stock; |
21
|
|
|
|
|
whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if
cumulative, the date from which dividends on that preferred
stock will accumulate; |
|
|
|
the voting rights applicable to that preferred stock; |
|
|
|
the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for that
preferred stock; |
|
|
|
the provisions for a sinking fund, if any, for that preferred
stock; |
|
|
|
the provisions for redemption including any restriction thereon,
if applicable, of that preferred stock; |
|
|
|
any listing of that preferred stock on any securities exchange; |
|
|
|
the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which that
preferred stock will be convertible into shares of our common
stock, including the conversion price (or manner of calculation
of the conversion price) and conversion period; |
|
|
|
a discussion of federal income tax considerations applicable to
that preferred stock; |
|
|
|
any limitations on issuance of any series of preferred stock
ranking senior to or on a parity with that series of preferred
stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
|
|
|
in addition to those limitations described above under
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK Restrictions on
Ownership and Transfer, any other limitations on actual
and constructive ownership and restrictions on transfer, in each
case as may be appropriate to preserve our status as a
REIT; and |
|
|
|
any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or
restrictions of that preferred stock. |
Rank
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus
supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to dividend
rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of
our affairs rank:
|
|
|
|
|
senior to all classes or series of common stock and to all
equity securities ranking junior to the preferred stock with
respect to dividend rights or rights upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
|
|
|
on a parity with all equity securities issued by us the terms of
which specifically provide that those equity securities rank on
a parity with the preferred stock with respect to dividend
rights or rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of
our affairs; and |
|
|
|
junior to all equity securities issued by us the terms of which
specifically provide that those equity securities rank senior to
the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights
upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs. |
The term equity securities does not include
convertible debt securities.
Dividends
Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series
of stock and to the provisions of the charter regarding the
restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of our
preferred stock will be entitled to receive dividends on such
stock when, as and if authorized by our board of directors out
of funds legally available therefor and declared by us, at rates
and on dates as will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement.
Dividends on any series or class of our preferred stock may be
cumulative or noncumulative, as provided in the applicable
prospectus supplement. Dividends, if cumulative, will be
cumulative from and after the date set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement. If our board of directors fails to
authorize a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any
series or class of preferred stock for which dividends are
noncumulative, then the holders of that series or class of
preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend in
respect of the dividend period ending on that dividend payment
date, and we will have no
22
obligation to pay the dividend accrued for that period, whether
or not dividends on such series or class are declared or paid
for any future period.
If any shares of preferred stock of any series or class are
outstanding, no dividends may be authorized or paid or set apart
for payment on the preferred stock of any other series or class
ranking, as to dividends, on a parity with or junior to the
preferred stock of that series or class for any period unless:
|
|
|
|
|
the series or class of preferred stock has a cumulative
dividend, and full cumulative dividends have been or
contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a
sum sufficient for the payment of those dividends is set apart
for payment on the preferred stock of that series or class for
all past dividend periods and the then current dividend
period; or |
|
|
|
the series or class of preferred stock does not have a
cumulative dividend, and full dividends for the then current
dividend period have been or contemporaneously are authorized
and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment of
those dividends is set apart for the payment on the preferred
stock of that series or class. |
When dividends are not paid in full (or a sum sufficient for the
full payment is not set apart) upon the shares of preferred
stock of any series or class and the shares of any other series
or class of preferred stock ranking on a parity as to dividends
with the preferred stock of that series or class, then all
dividends authorized on shares of preferred stock of that series
or class and any other series or class of preferred stock
ranking on a parity as to dividends with that preferred stock
shall be authorized pro rata so that the amount of dividends
authorized per share on the preferred stock of that series or
class and other series or class of preferred stock will in all
cases bear to each other the same ratio that accrued dividends
per share on the shares of preferred stock of that series or
class (which will not include any accumulation in respect of
unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if the preferred
stock does not have a cumulative dividend) and that other series
or class of preferred stock bear to each other. No interest, or
sum of money in lieu of interest, will be payable in respect of
any dividend payment or payments on preferred stock of that
series or class that may be in arrears.
Redemption
We may have the right or may be required to redeem one or more
series of preferred stock, in whole or in part, in each case
upon the terms, if any, and at the time and at the redemption
prices set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
If a series of preferred stock is subject to mandatory
redemption, we will specify in the applicable prospectus
supplement the number of shares we are required to redeem, when
those redemptions start, the redemption price, and any other
terms and conditions affecting the redemption. The redemption
price will include all accrued and unpaid dividends, except in
the case of noncumulative preferred stock. The redemption price
may be payable in cash or other property, as specified in the
applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for
preferred stock of any series or class is payable only from the
net proceeds of the issuance of our stock, the terms of that
preferred stock may provide that, if no such stock shall have
been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance
are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price
then due, that preferred stock shall automatically and
mandatorily be converted into shares of our applicable stock
pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
Liquidation Preference
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation or dissolution of
us or winding up of our affairs, then, before any distribution
or payment will be made to the holders of common stock or any
other series or class of stock ranking junior to any series or
class of the preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon
any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the
holders of that series or class of preferred stock will be
entitled to receive out of our assets legally available for
distribution to shareholders liquidating distributions in the
amount of the liquidation preference per share (set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement), plus an amount equal to all
dividends accrued and unpaid on the preferred stock (which will
not include any
23
accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend
periods if the preferred stock does not have a cumulative
dividend). After payment of the full amount of the liquidating
distributions to which they are entitled, the holders of
preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our
remaining assets.
If, upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution
or winding up, the legally available assets are insufficient to
pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all
outstanding shares of any series or class of preferred stock and
the corresponding amounts payable on all shares of other classes
or series of our stock of ranking on a parity with that series
or class of preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, then the holders of that
series or class of preferred stock and all other classes or
series of capital stock will share ratably in any distribution
of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to
which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.
If liquidating distributions have been made in full to all
holders of any series or class of preferred stock, our remaining
assets will be distributed among the holders of any other
classes or series of stock ranking junior to that series or
class of preferred stock upon liquidation, dissolution or
winding up, according to their respective rights and preferences
and in each case according to their respective number of shares.
For these purposes, the consolidation or merger of us with or
into any other entity, or the sale, lease, transfer or
conveyance of all or substantially all of our property or
business, will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs.
Voting Rights
Holders of preferred stock will not have any voting rights,
except as set forth below or as indicated in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
Unless provided otherwise for any series or class of preferred
stock, so long as any shares of preferred stock of a series or
class remain outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative
vote or consent of the holders of at least a majority of the
shares of that series or class of preferred stock outstanding at
the time, given in person or by proxy, either in writing or at a
meeting (such series or class voting separately as a class):
|
|
|
|
|
authorize or create, or increase the authorized or issued amount
of, any class or series of stock ranking prior to that series or
class of preferred stock with respect to payment of dividends or
the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or
winding up or reclassify any authorized stock into any of those
shares, or create, authorize or issue any obligation or security
convertible into or evidencing the right to purchase any of
those shares; or |
|
|
|
amend, alter or repeal the provisions of our charter or articles
supplementary for such series or class of preferred stock,
whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as to
materially and adversely affect any right, preference, privilege
or voting power of that series or class of preferred stock or
the holders of the preferred stock. |
However, any increase in the amount of the authorized preferred
stock or the creation or issuance of any other series or class
of preferred stock, or any increase in the amount of authorized
shares of such series or class or any other series or class of
preferred stock, in each case ranking on a parity with or junior
to the preferred stock of that series or class with respect to
payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, will not be deemed to
materially and adversely affect such rights, preferences,
privileges or voting powers.
These voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior to the
time when the act with respect to which that vote would
otherwise be required will be effected, all outstanding shares
of that series or class of preferred stock have been redeemed or
called for redemption upon proper notice and sufficient funds
have been deposited in trust to effect that redemption.
24
Conversion Rights
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which shares of any
series or class of preferred stock are convertible into shares
of common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. The terms will include:
|
|
|
|
|
the number of shares of common stock into which the preferred
stock is convertible; |
|
|
|
the conversion price (or manner of calculation of the conversion
price); |
|
|
|
the conversion period; |
|
|
|
provisions as to whether conversion will be at the option of the
holders of the preferred stock or us, |
|
|
|
the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion
price; and |
provisions affecting conversion in the event of the
redemption of the preferred stock.
Series A Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated
3,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, of which
2,300,000 shares are currently outstanding. The
Series A Preferred Stock generally provides for the
following rights, preferences and obligations.
Dividend Rights. The Series A Preferred Stock
accrues a cumulative cash dividend at an annual rate of 8.55% on
the $25.00 per share liquidation preference.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the
holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to
receive a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus
any accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not
earned or declared), before any payment or distribution will be
made or set aside for holders of any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. The Series A Preferred
Stock is not redeemable prior to September 22, 2009, except
in certain limited circumstances relating to our ability to
qualify as a REIT. On and after September 22, 2009, we may
redeem Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or from time to
time in part, at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of the
liquidation preference plus all accrued and unpaid dividends to
the date fixed for redemption. The Series A Preferred Stock
has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or
mandatory redemption provisions.
Voting Rights. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock
generally have no voting rights, except in certain circumstances
when our board of directors will be expanded by two seats and
the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to
elect these two directors. In addition, the issuance of senior
shares or certain changes to the terms of the Series A
Preferred Stock that would be materially adverse to the rights
of holders of Series A Preferred Stock cannot be made
without the affirmative vote of holders of at least
662/3
% of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and
shares of any class or series of shares ranking on a parity with
the Series A Preferred Stock which are entitled to similar
voting rights, if any, voting as a single class.
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. The Series A
Preferred Stock is not convertible or exchangeable for any of
our other securities or property, and holders of shares of our
Series A Preferred Stock have no preemptive rights to
subscribe for any securities of our company.
Series B-1 Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated
7,447,865 shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, all of
which are currently outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred
Stock generally provides for the following rights, preferences
and obligations.
Dividend Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred
Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends equal to
the greater of $0.14 per share or the prevailing common
stock dividend. Additionally, if we breach certain contractual
obligations we have to the holders of the Series B-1
Preferred Stock or if we fail to
25
pay dividends on the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for four
quarterly dividend periods, the holders of Series B-1
Preferred Stock will be entitled to an additional dividend equal
to $0.05015 per share.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, the
holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to
receive a liquidation preference of $10.07 per share, plus
an amount equal to all accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends
(whether or not earned or declared) to the date of liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of the affairs of our company, before
any payment or distribution will be made to or set apart for the
holders of any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. We have certain limited
redemption rights with respect to the Series B-1 Preferred
Stock from June 15, 2007 through June 15, 2008 (based
on the trading price of our common stock) and full redemption
rights thereafter. Any such redemption will be made at a
redemption price equal to the liquidation preference of
$10.07 per share, plus an amount equal to all accumulated,
accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not earned or declared).
Each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is entitled to
require us to redeem the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for
100% of its liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid
distributions whether or not declared, if a change of control
occurs, we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT or we cease to
be listed for trading on the NYSE, the NASDAQ National Market
system or the American Stock Exchange. In this event, the
redemption price will be equal to (i) 110% of the
liquidation value of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock, plus
accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, if such
repurchase occurs prior to June 15, 2008 or (ii) 100%
of the liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid dividends,
whether or not declared, if such repurchase occurs on or after
such date.
Voting Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock
are entitled to vote on (i) all matters submitted to the
holders of our common stock together with the holders of our
common stock as a single class and (ii) certain matters
affecting the Series B-1 Preferred Stock as a separate
class. In certain circumstances, our board of directors will be
expanded by two seats and the holders of Series B-1
Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect these two directors.
So long as any share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is
outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of
stockholders required by law or by our charter, the affirmative
vote of the holders of
662/3
% of the outstanding shares of Series B-1 Preferred
Stock, voting together as a class, given in person or by proxy,
either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting
called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or
validating:
|
|
|
(a) any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the
provisions of the charter or the articles supplementary creating
the Series B-1 Preferred Stock that materially and
adversely affects the voting powers, rights, preferences or
other terms of the holders of the Series B-1 Preferred
Stock; |
|
|
(b) any issuance of (a) any capital stock or other
equity security to which the Series B-1 Preferred Stock
would be junior as to the payment of dividends or as to the
distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding
up or (b) any capital stock or other equity security which
has redemption rights which are more favorable in any material
respect to the holder of such security than the redemption
rights granted to the holders of the Series B-1 Preferred
Stock; and |
|
|
(c) any merger or consolidation of our company and another
entity in which the we are not the surviving corporation and
each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock does not receive
shares of the surviving corporation with substantially similar
rights, preferences, powers and other terms in the surviving
corporation as the Series B-1 Preferred Stock have with
respect to us. |
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. Each share of
Series B-1 Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of
the holder, at any time into the number of shares of our common
stock obtained by dividing $10.07 by the conversion price then
in effect. The conversion price is currently $10.07 and is
subject to certain adjustments as provided in our charter.
Holders of shares of our Series B-1 Preferred Stock have no
preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company.
26
DESCRIPTION OF OUR DEBT SECURITIES
The following description, together with the additional
information we include in any applicable prospectus supplements,
summarizes the material terms and provisions of the debt
securities that we may offer under this prospectus. While the
terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any
future debt securities we may offer, we will describe the
particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in
more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we
indicate in a prospectus supplement, the terms of any debt
securities we offer under that prospectus supplement may differ
from the terms we describe below.
The debt securities will be our direct unsecured general
obligations and may include debentures, notes, bonds or other
evidences of indebtedness. The debt securities will be either
senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities. The debt
securities will be issued under one or more separate indentures.
Senior debt securities will be issued under a senior indenture,
and subordinated debt securities will be issued under a
subordinated indenture. We use the term indentures
to refer to both the senior indenture and the subordinated
indenture. The indentures will be qualified under the
Trust Indenture Act. We use the term trustee to
refer to either the senior trustee or the subordinated trustee,
as applicable.
The following summaries of material provisions of the debt
securities and indentures are subject to, and qualified in their
entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the indenture
applicable to a particular series of debt securities.
General
We will describe in each prospectus supplement the following
terms relating to a series of debt securities:
|
|
|
|
|
the title; |
|
|
|
any limit on the amount that may be issued; |
|
|
|
whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in
global form, the terms and who the depository will be; |
|
|
|
the maturity date; |
|
|
|
the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the
method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin
to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular
record dates for interest payment dates or the method for
determining such dates; |
|
|
|
whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured,
and the terms of any secured debt; |
|
|
|
the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated
debt; |
|
|
|
the place where payments will be payable; |
|
|
|
our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum
length of any such deferral period; |
|
|
|
the date, if any, after which, and the price at which, we may,
at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to
any optional redemption provisions; |
|
|
|
the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are
obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund provisions or
otherwise, to redeem, or at the holders option to
purchase, the series of debt securities; |
|
|
|
whether the indenture will restrict our ability to pay
dividends, or will require us to maintain any asset ratios or
reserves; |
|
|
|
whether we will be restricted from incurring any additional
indebtedness; |
|
|
|
a discussion on any material or special United States federal
income tax considerations applicable to the debt securities; |
27
|
|
|
|
|
the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt
securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any
integral multiple thereof; and |
|
|
|
any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of,
or restrictions on, the debt securities. |
Conversion or Exchange Rights
We will set forth in the prospectus supplement the terms on
which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or
exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of
ours. We will include provisions as to whether conversion or
exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our
option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number
of shares of common stock or other securities of ours that the
holders of the series of debt securities receive would be
subject to adjustment.
Consolidation, Merger or Sale
The indentures do not contain any covenant which restricts our
ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or
otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets.
However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume
all of our obligations under the indentures or the debt
securities, as appropriate.
Events of Default Under the Indenture
The following are events of default under the indentures with
respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:
|
|
|
|
|
if we fail to pay interest when due and our failure continues
for a number of days to be stated in the indenture and the time
for payment has not been extended or deferred; |
|
|
|
if we fail to pay the principal, or premium, if any, when due
and the time for payment has not been extended or delayed; |
|
|
|
if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained in
the debt securities or the indentures, other than a covenant
specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and
our failure continues for a number of days to be stated in the
indenture after we receive notice from the trustee or holders of
at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding
debt securities of the applicable series; and |
|
|
|
if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization
occur as to us. |
If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any
series occurs and is continuing, the trustee or the holders of
at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding
debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and
to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare
the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest,
if any, due and payable immediately.
The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding
debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or
event of default with respect to the series and its
consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding
payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we
have cured the default or event of default in accordance with
the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of
default.
Subject to the terms of the indentures, if an event of default
under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee
will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or
powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any
of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities,
unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable
indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the
outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to
direct the time, method and place of conducting
28
any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or
exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with
respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:
|
|
|
|
|
the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any
law or the applicable indenture; and |
|
|
|
subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee
need not take any action that might involve it in personal
liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not
involved in the proceeding. |
A holder of the debt securities of any series will only have the
right to institute a proceeding under the indentures or to
appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies if:
|
|
|
|
|
the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a
continuing event of default with respect to that series; |
|
|
|
the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the
outstanding debt securities of that series have made written
request, and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity to
the trustee to institute the proceeding as trustee; and |
|
|
|
the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not
receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal
amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other
conflicting directions within 60 days after the notice,
request and offer. |
These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder
of debt securities if we default in the payment of the
principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.
We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding
our compliance with specified covenants in the indentures.
Modification of Indenture; Waiver
We and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent
of any holders with respect to specific matters, including:
|
|
|
|
|
to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the
indenture; and |
|
|
|
to change anything that does not materially adversely affect the
interests of any holder of debt securities of any series. |
In addition, under the indentures, the rights of holders of a
series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee
with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities
of each series that is affected. However, we and the trustee may
only make the following changes with the consent of each holder
of any outstanding debt securities affected:
|
|
|
|
|
extending the fixed maturity of the series of debt securities; |
|
|
|
reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending
the time of payment of interest, or any premium payable upon the
redemption of any debt securities; or |
|
|
|
reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which
are required to consent to any amendment. |
Discharge
Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from
our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt
securities, except for obligations to:
|
|
|
|
|
register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the
series; |
|
|
|
replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series; |
|
|
|
maintain paying agencies; |
29
|
|
|
|
|
hold monies for payment in trust; |
|
|
|
compensate and indemnify the trustee; |
|
|
|
and appoint any successor trustee. |
In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must
deposit with the trustee money or government obligations
sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and
interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates
payments are due.
Form, Exchange and Transfer
We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully
registered form without coupons and, unless we otherwise specify
in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of
$1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide
that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or
permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be
deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company or
another depository named by us and identified in a prospectus
supplement with respect to that series.
At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the
indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities
described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of
the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt
securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any
authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate
principal amount.
Subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations
applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may
present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of
transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed
thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security
registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the
office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose.
Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder
presents for transfer or exchange, we will make no service
charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may
require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.
We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the
security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the
security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt
securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer
agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or
approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent
acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer
agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each
series.
If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will
not be required to:
|
|
|
|
|
issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities
of that series during a period beginning at the opening of
business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of
redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for
redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the
mailing; or |
|
|
|
register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so
selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the
unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in
part. |
Information Concerning the Trustee
The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of
an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform
only those duties as are specifically set forth in the
applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an
indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a
prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or
her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under
no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the
indentures at the request of any holder of debt securities
unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against
the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.
30
Payment and Paying Agents
Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus
supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt
securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose
name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities,
are registered at the close of business on the regular record
date for the interest.
We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the
debt securities of a particular series at the office of the
paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise
indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make
interest payments by check which we will mail to the holder.
Unless we otherwise indicate in a prospectus supplement, we will
designate the corporate trust office of the trustee in the City
of New York as our sole paying agent for payments with respect
to debt securities of each series. We will name in the
applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we
initially designate for the debt securities of a particular
series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment
for the debt securities of a particular series.
All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the
payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any
debt securities which remains unclaimed at the end of two years
after such principal, premium or interest has become due and
payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the security
thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.
Governing Law
The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York,
except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.
Subordination of Subordinated Notes
The subordinated notes will be unsecured and will be subordinate
and junior in priority of payment to certain of our other
indebtedness to the extent described in a prospectus supplement.
The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of
subordinated notes which we may issue. It also does not limit us
from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR WARRANTS
This section describes the general terms and provisions of our
securities warrants. The applicable prospectus supplement will
describe the specific terms of the securities warrants offered
through that prospectus supplement as well as any general terms
described in this section that will not apply to those
securities warrants.
We may issue securities warrants for the purchase of our debt
securities, preferred stock, or common stock. We may issue
warrants independently or together with other securities, and
they may be attached to or separate from the other securities.
Each series of securities warrants will be issued under a
separate warrant agreement that we will enter into with a bank
or trust company, as warrant agent, as detailed in the
applicable prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act
solely as our agent in connection with the securities warrants
and will not assume any obligation, or agency or trust
relationship, with you.
The prospectus supplement relating to a particular issue of
securities warrants will describe the terms of those securities
warrants, including, where applicable:
the aggregate number of the securities covered by
the warrant;
the designation, amount and terms of the securities
purchasable upon exercise of the warrant;
|
|
|
|
|
the exercise price for our debt securities, the amount of debt
securities upon exercise you will receive, and a description of
that series of debt securities; |
31
|
|
|
|
|
the exercise price for shares of our preferred stock, the number
of shares of preferred stock to be received upon exercise, and a
description of that series of our preferred stock; |
|
|
|
the exercise price for shares of our common stock and the number
of shares of common stock to be received upon exercise; |
|
|
|
the expiration date for exercising the warrant; |
|
|
|
the minimum or maximum amount of warrants that may be exercised
at any time; |
|
|
|
a discussion of U.S. federal income tax
consequences; and |
|
|
|
any other material terms of the securities warrants. |
After the warrants expire they will become void. The prospectus
supplement will describe how to exercise securities warrants. A
holder must exercise warrants for our preferred stock or common
stock through payment in U.S. dollars. All securities
warrants will be issued in registered form. The prospectus
supplement may provide for the adjustment of the exercise price
of the securities warrants.
Until a holder exercises warrants to purchase our debt
securities, preferred stock, or common stock, that holder will
not have any rights as a holder of our debt securities,
preferred stock, or common stock by virtue of ownership of
warrants.
BOOK-ENTRY SECURITIES
The securities offered by means of this prospectus may be issued
in whole or in part in book-entry form, meaning that beneficial
owners of the securities will not receive certificates
representing their ownership interests in the securities, except
in the event the book-entry system for the securities is
discontinued. Securities issued in book entry form will be
evidenced by one or more global securities that will be
deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in the
applicable prospectus supplement relating to the securities. We
expect that The Depository Trust Company will serve as
depository. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part
for the individual securities represented by that security, a
global security may not be transferred except as a whole by the
depository for the global security to a nominee of that
depository or by a nominee of that depository to that depository
or another nominee of that depository or by the depository or
any nominee of that depository to a successor depository or a
nominee of that successor. Global securities may be issued in
either registered or bearer form and in either temporary or
permanent form. The specific terms of the depositary arrangement
with respect to a class or series of securities that differ from
the terms described here will be described in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus
supplement, we anticipate that the provisions described below
will apply to depository arrangements.
Upon the issuance of a global security, the depository for the
global security or its nominee will credit on its book-entry
registration and transfer system the respective principal
amounts of the individual securities represented by that global
security to the accounts of persons that have accounts with such
depository, who are called participants. Those
accounts will be designated by the underwriters, dealers or
agents with respect to the securities or by us if the securities
are offered and sold directly by us. Ownership of beneficial
interests in a global security will be limited to the
depositorys participants or persons that may hold
interests through those participants. Ownership of beneficial
interests in the global security will be shown on, and the
transfer of that ownership will be effected only through,
records maintained by the applicable depository or its nominee
(with respect to beneficial interests of participants) and
records of the participants (with respect to beneficial
interests of persons who hold through participants). The laws of
some states require that certain purchasers of securities take
physical delivery of such securities in definitive form. These
limits and laws may impair the ability to own, pledge or
transfer beneficial interest in a global security.
So long as the depository for a global security or its nominee
is the registered owner of such global security, that depository
or nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole
owner or holder of the securities represented by that global
security for all purposes under the applicable indenture or other
32
instrument defining the rights of a holder of the securities.
Except as provided below or in the applicable prospectus
supplement, owners of beneficial interest in a global security
will not be entitled to have any of the individual securities of
the series represented by that global security registered in
their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical
delivery of any such securities in definitive form and will not
be considered the owners or holders of that security under the
applicable indenture or other instrument defining the rights of
the holders of the securities.
Payments of amounts payable with respect to individual
securities represented by a global security registered in the
name of a depository or its nominee will be made to the
depository or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered
owner of the global security representing those securities. None
of us, our officers and directors or any trustee, paying agent
or security registrar for an individual series of securities
will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the
records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial
ownership interests in the global security for such securities
or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records
relating to those beneficial ownership interests.
We expect that the depository for a series of securities offered
by means of this prospectus or its nominee, upon receipt of any
payment of principal, premium, interest, dividend or other
amount in respect of a permanent global security representing
any of those securities, will immediately credit its
participants accounts with payments in amounts
proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the
principal amount of that global security for those securities as
shown on the records of that depository or its nominee. We also
expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial
interests in that global security held through those
participants will be governed by standing instructions and
customary practices, as is the case with securities held for the
account of customers in bearer form or registered in
street name. Those payments will be the
responsibility of these participants.
If a depository for a series of securities is at any time
unwilling, unable or ineligible to continue as depository and a
successor depository is not appointed by us within 90 days,
we will issue individual securities of that series in exchange
for the global security representing that series of securities.
In addition, we may, at any time and in our sole discretion,
subject to any limitations described in the applicable
prospectus supplement relating to those securities, determine
not to have any securities of that series represented by one or
more global securities and, in that event, will issue individual
securities of that series in exchange for the global security or
securities representing that series of securities.
MATERIAL PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OF OUR CHARTER AND
BYLAWS
The following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law
and of our charter and bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws
are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which
this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More
Information.
The Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company
may be established by our board of directors but may not be
fewer than the minimum number permitted under the MGCL nor more
than 15. Any vacancy will be filled, at any regular meeting or
at any special meeting called for that purpose, by a majority of
the remaining directors.
Pursuant to our charter, each member of our board of directors
will serve one year terms and until their successors are elected
and qualified. Holders of shares of our common stock will have
no right to cumulative voting in the election of directors.
Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders at which
our board of directors is elected, the holders of a plurality of
the shares of our common stock will be able to elect all of the
members of our board of directors.
Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between
a corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of
an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent
date on which the interested
33
stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business
combinations include a merger, consolidation, statutory share
exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, certain
transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers,
liquidation plans and reclassifications involving interested
stockholders and their affiliates as asset transfer or issuance
or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines
an interested stockholder as:
|
|
|
|
|
any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power
of our voting stock; or |
|
|
|
an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time
within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was
the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the
then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if the board of
directors approves in advance the transaction by which the
person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder.
However, in approving the transaction, the board of directors
may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or
after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions
determined by the board of directors.
After the five year prohibition, any business combination
between a corporation and an interested stockholder generally
must be recommended by the board of directors and approved by
the affirmative vote of at least:
|
|
|
|
|
80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then
outstanding shares of common stock; and |
|
|
|
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the
common stock other than shares held by the interested
stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business
combination is to be effected or shares held by an affiliate or
associate of the interested stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if certain
fair price requirements set forth in the MGCL are satisfied.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions,
including business combinations that are approved by the board
of directors before the time that the interested stockholder
becomes an interested stockholder.
Our charter includes a provision excluding the corporation from
these provisions of the MGCL and, consequently, the five-year
prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not
apply to business combinations between us and any interested
stockholder of ours unless we later amend our charter, with
stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision. Any
such amendment may not be effective until 18 months after
the stockholder vote and may not apply to any business
combination involving us and an interested stockholder (or
affiliate) who became an interested stockholder on or before the
date of the vote. We believe that our ownership restrictions
will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would
become an interested stockholder within the meaning
of the Maryland business combination statute.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland
corporation acquired in a control share acquisition
have no voting rights except to the extent approved at a special
meeting by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock in
a corporation in respect of which any of the following persons
is entitled to exercise or direct the exercise of the voting
power of shares of stock of the corporation in the election of
directors: (i) a person who makes or proposes to make a
control share acquisition, (ii) an officer of the
corporation or (iii) an employee of the corporation who is
also a director of the corporation. Control shares
are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other
such shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror or in
respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the
exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable
proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in
electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting
power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third,
(ii) one-third or more but less than a majority, or
(iii) a majority or more of all voting power. Control
shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then
entitled to vote as a result of
34
having previously obtained stockholder approval. A control
share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares,
subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share
acquisition, upon satisfaction of certain conditions (including
an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel our board of
directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held
within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of
the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation
may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the
acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement
as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions
and limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the
control shares (except those for which voting rights have
previously been approved) for fair value determined, without
regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares,
as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the
acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting
rights of such shares are considered and not approved. If voting
rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting
and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the
shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise
appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for
purposes of such appraisal rights may not be less than the
highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control
share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (i) to
shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if
the corporation is a party to the transaction or (ii) to
acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of
the corporation.
Our charter contains a provision exempting from the control
share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person
of our common stock and, consequently, the applicability of the
control share acquisitions unless we later amend our charter,
with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision.
Amendment to Our Charter
Our charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the
board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the
holders of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to
be cast on the matter.
Dissolution of Our Company
The dissolution of our company must be declared advisable by the
board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the
holders of not less than two-thirds of all of the votes entitled
to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that:
|
|
|
|
|
with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, the only
business to be considered and the only proposals to be acted
upon will be those properly brought before the annual meeting: |
|
|
|
|
|
pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
|
|
|
by, or at the direction of, a majority of our board of
directors; or |
|
|
|
by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has
complied with the advance notice procedures set forth in our
bylaws; |
|
|
|
|
|
with respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the
business specified in our companys notice of meeting may
be brought before the meeting of stockholders unless otherwise
provided by law; and |
35
|
|
|
|
|
nominations of persons for election to our board of directors at
any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be made only: |
|
|
|
|
|
by, or at the direction of, our board of directors; or |
|
|
|
by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has
complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our
bylaws. |
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law
and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer
or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company
that might involve a premium price for holders of our common
stock or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our
companys charter were to be amended to avail the
corporation of the business combination provisions of the MGCL
or to remove or modify the provision in the charter opting out
of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL, these
provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.
Indemnification and Limitation of Directors and
Officers Liability
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide for
indemnification of our officers and directors against
liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as
amended from time to time.
The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify a director or
officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in
the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party
by reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL
permits a corporation to indemnify its present and former
directors and officers, among others, against judgments,
penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually
incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they
may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other
capacities unless it is established that:
|
|
|
|
|
an act or omission of the director or officer was material to
the matter giving rise to the proceeding and: |
|
|
|
|
|
was committed in bad faith; or |
|
|
|
was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
|
|
|
|
|
the director or officer actually received an improper personal
benefit in money, property or services; or |
|
|
|
in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer
had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not
indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right
of the corporation (other than for expenses incurred in a
successful defense of such an action) or for a judgment of
liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly
received. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance
reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the
corporations receipt of:
|
|
|
|
|
a written affirmation by the director or officer of his good
faith belief that he has met the standard of conduct necessary
for indemnification by the corporation; and |
|
|
|
a written undertaking by the director or on the directors
behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation
if it is ultimately determined that the director did not meet
the standard of conduct. |
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its
charter a provision limiting the liability of its directors and
officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money
damages except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an
improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or
active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment
as being material to the cause of action. Our charter contains
such a provision which eliminates such liability to the maximum
extent permitted by Maryland law.
36
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by
Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and,
without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate
entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable
expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to:
|
|
|
|
|
any present or former director or officer who is made a party to
the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that
capacity; or |
|
|
|
any individual who, while a director or officer of our company
and at our request, serves or has served another corporation,
real estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust,
employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director,
officer, partner or trustee and who is made a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity. |
Our bylaws also obligate us to indemnify and advance expenses to
any person who served a predecessor of ours in any of the
capacities described in second and third bullet points above and
to any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our
company.
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides
that we, as general partner, and our officers and directors are
indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law. See
Partnership Agreement Exculpation and
Indemnification of the General Partner.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of
directors, officers or persons controlling us for liability
arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in
the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
Management
Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating
partnership, has been organized as a Delaware limited
partnership. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the sole
general partner of this partnership, and one of our subsidiaries
holds limited partnership units in this partnership. A majority
of the limited partnership units not owned by our company are
owned by certain of our directors, executive officers and
affiliates of such persons. In the future, we may issue
additional interests in our operating partnership to third
parties.
Pursuant to the partnership agreement of the operating
partnership, we, as the sole general partner, generally have
full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in
the management, operation and control of the partnership,
including the ability to cause the partnership to enter into
certain major transactions, including acquisitions, developments
and dispositions of properties, borrowings and refinancings of
existing indebtedness. No limited partner may take part in the
operation, management or control of the business of the
operating partnership by virtue of being a holder of limited
partnership units.
Our subsidiary may not be removed as general partner of the
partnership. Upon the bankruptcy or dissolution of the general
partner, the general partner shall be deemed to be removed
automatically.
The limited partners of our operating partnership have agreed
that in the event of a conflict in the fiduciary duties owed
(i) by us to our stockholders and (ii) by us, as
general partner of the operating partnership, to those limited
partners, we may act in the best interests of our stockholders
without violating our fiduciary duties to the limited partners
of the operating partnership or being liable for any resulting
breach of our duties to the limited partners.
37
Transferability of Interests
General Partner. The partnership agreement provides that
we may not transfer our interest as a general partner (including
by sale, disposition, merger or consolidation) except:
|
|
|
|
|
in connection with a merger of the operating partnership, a sale
of substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership
or other transaction in which the limited partners receive a
certain amount of cash, securities or property; or |
|
|
|
in connection with a merger of us or the general partner into
another entity, if the surviving entity contributes
substantially all its assets to the operating partnership and
assumes the duties of the general partner under the operating
partnership agreement. |
Limited Partner. The partnership agreement prohibits the
sale, assignment, transfer, pledge or disposition of all or any
portion of the limited partnership units without our consent,
which we may give or withhold in our sole discretion. However,
an individual partner may donate his units to his immediate
family or a trust wholly owned by his immediate family, without
our consent. In addition, the partnerships contributing our
initial hotel properties to us in exchange for units in our
operating partnership may transfer those units to their
partners, without our consent. The partnership agreement
contains other restrictions on transfer if, among other things
that transfer:
|
|
|
|
|
would cause us to fail to comply with the REIT rules under the
Internal Revenue Code; or |
|
|
|
would cause us to become a publicly-traded partnership under the
Internal Revenue Code. |
Capital Contributions
The partnership agreement provides that if the partnership
requires additional funds at any time in excess of funds
available to the partnership from borrowing or capital
contributions, we may borrow such funds from a financial
institution or other lender and lend such funds to the
partnership. Under the partnership agreement, we are obligated
to contribute the proceeds of any offering of stock as
additional capital to the partnership. The operating partnership
is authorized to cause the partnership to issue partnership
interests for less than fair market value if we conclude in good
faith that such issuance is in both the partnerships and
our best interests.
The partnership agreement provides that we may make additional
capital contributions, including properties, to the partnership
in exchange for additional partnership units. If we contribute
additional capital to the partnership and receive additional
partnership interests for such capital contribution, our
percentage interests will be increased on a proportionate basis
based on the amount of such additional capital contributions and
the value of the partnership at the time of such contributions.
Conversely, the percentage interests of the other limited
partners will be decreased on a proportionate basis. In
addition, if we contribute additional capital to the partnership
and receive additional partnership interests for such capital
contribution, the capital accounts of the partners will be
adjusted upward or downward to reflect any unrealized gain or
loss attributable to our properties as if there were an actual
sale of such properties at the fair market value thereof.
Limited partners have no preemptive right to make additional
capital contributions.
The operating partnership could issue preferred partnership
interests in connection with acquisitions of property or
otherwise. Any such preferred partnership interests would have
priority over common partnership interests with respect to
distributions from the partnership, including the partnership
interests that our wholly-owned subsidiaries own.
Redemption Rights
Under the partnership agreement, we have granted to each limited
partner (other than our subsidiary) the right to redeem their
limited partnership units. This right may be exercised at the
election of that limited partner by giving us written notice,
subject to some limitations. The purchase price for the limited
partnership units to be redeemed will equal the fair market
value of our common stock. The purchase price for the limited
partnership units may be paid in cash, or, in our discretion, by
the issuance by us of a number of shares of our common stock
equal to the number of limited partnership units with respect to
which the rights are being
38
exercised. However, no limited partner will be entitled to
exercise its redemption rights to the extent that the issuance
of common stock to the redeeming partner would be prohibited
under our charter or, if after giving effect to such exercise,
would cause any person to own, actually or constructively, more
than 9.8% of our common stock, unless such ownership limit is
waived by us in our sole discretion.
In all cases, however, no limited partner may exercise the
redemption right for fewer than 1,000 partnership units or, if a
limited partner holds fewer than 1,000 partnership units, all of
the partnership units held by such limited partner.
Currently, the aggregate number of shares of common stock
issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights by holders of
partnership units is 14,133,571. The number of shares of common
stock issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights will be
adjusted to account for share splits, mergers, consolidations or
similar pro rata share transactions.
Operations
The partnership agreement requires the partnership to be
operated in a manner that enables us to satisfy the requirements
for being classified as a REIT, to minimize any excise tax
liability imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and to ensure
that the partnership will not be classified as a publicly
traded partnership taxable as a corporation under
Section 7704 of the Code.
In addition to the administrative and operating costs and
expenses incurred by the partnership, the partnership will pay
all of our administrative costs and expenses. These expenses
will be treated as expenses of the partnership and will
generally include:
|
|
|
|
|
all expenses relating to our continuity of existence; |
|
|
|
all expenses relating to offerings and registration of
securities; |
|
|
|
all expenses associated with the preparation and filing of any
of our periodic reports under federal, state or local laws or
regulations; |
|
|
|
all expenses associated with our compliance with laws, rules and
regulations promulgated by any regulatory body; and |
|
|
|
all of our other operating or administrative costs incurred in
the ordinary course of its business on behalf of the partnership. |
Distributions
The partnership agreement provides that the partnership will
make cash distributions in amounts and at such times as
determined by us in our sole discretion, to us and other limited
partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests
of the partners in the partnership.
Upon liquidation of the partnership, after payment of, or
adequate provisions for, debts and obligations of the
partnership, including any partner loans, any remaining assets
of the partnership will be distributed to us and the other
limited partners with positive capital accounts in accordance
with the respective positive capital account balances of the
partners.
Allocations
Profits and losses of the partnership (including depreciation
and amortization deductions) for each fiscal year generally are
allocated to us and the other limited partners in accordance
with the respective percentage interests of the partners in the
partnership. All of the foregoing allocations are subject to
compliance with the provisions of Internal Revenue Code sections
704(b) and 704(c) and Treasury Regulations promulgated
thereunder. The partnership will use the traditional
method under Internal Revenue Code section 704(c) for
allocating items with respect to which the fair market value at
the time of contribution differs from the adjusted tax basis at
the time of contribution for a hotel.
39
Amendments
Generally, we, as the general partner of the operating
partnership, may amend the partnership agreement without the
consent of any limited partner to clarify the partnership
agreement, to make changes of an inconsequential nature, to
reflect the admission, substitution or withdrawal of limited
partners, to reflect the issuance of additional partnership
interests or if, in the opinion of counsel, necessary or
appropriate to satisfy the Code with respect to partnerships or
REITs or federal or state securities laws. However, any
amendment which alters or changes the distribution or redemption
rights of a limited partner (other than a change to reflect the
seniority of any distribution or liquidation rights of any
preferred units issued in accordance with the partnership
agreement), changes the method for allocating profits and
losses, imposes any obligation on the limited partners to make
additional capital contributions or adversely affects the
limited liability of the limited partners requires the consent
of holders of
662/3
% of the limited partnership units, excluding our
indirect ownership of limited partnership units. Other
amendments require approval of the general partner and holders
of 50% of the limited partnership units.
In addition, the operating partnership may be amended, without
the consent of any limited partner, in the event that we or any
of our subsidiaries engages in a merger or consolidation with
another entity and immediately after such transaction the
surviving entity contributes to the operating partnership
substantially all of the assets of such surviving entity and the
surviving entity agrees to assume our subsidiarys
obligation as general partner of the partnership. In such case,
the surviving entity will amend the operating partnership
agreement to arrive at a new method for calculating the amount a
limited partner is to receive upon redemption or conversion of a
partnership unit (such method to approximate the existing method
as much as possible).
Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides
that neither the general partner, nor any of its directors and
officers will be liable to the partnership or to any of its
partners as a result of errors in judgment or mistakes of fact
or law or of any act or omission, if the general partner acted
in good faith.
In addition, the partnership agreement requires our operating
partnership to indemnify and hold the general partner and its
directors, officers and any other person it designates, harmless
from and against any and all claims arising from operations of
the operating partnership in which any such indemnitee may be
involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or
otherwise, unless it is established that:
|
|
|
|
|
the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter
giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith or
was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
|
|
|
the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in
money, property or services; or |
|
|
|
in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had
reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful. |
No indemnitee may subject any partner of our operating
partnership to personal liability with respect to this
indemnification obligation as this indemnification obligation
will be satisfied solely out of the assets of the partnership.
Term
The partnership has a perpetual life, unless dissolved upon:
|
|
|
|
|
the general partners bankruptcy or dissolution or
withdrawal (unless the limited partners elect to continue the
partnership); |
|
|
|
the passage of 90 days after the sale or other disposition
of all or substantially all the assets of the partnership; |
40
|
|
|
|
|
the redemption of all partnership units (other than those held
by us, if any); or |
|
|
|
an election by us in our capacity as the sole owner of the
general partner. |
Tax Matters
The general partner is the tax matters partner of the operating
partnership. We have the authority to make tax elections under
the Internal Revenue Code on behalf of the partnership. The net
income or net loss of the operating partnership will generally
be allocated to us and the limited partners in accordance with
our respective percentage interests in the partnership, subject
to compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
The following discussion is a summary of the material federal
income tax considerations that may be relevant to a prospective
holder of securities, and, unless otherwise noted in the
following discussion, expresses the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP
insofar as it relates to matters of United States federal income
tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters. The
discussion does not address all aspects of taxation that may be
relevant to particular investors in light of their personal
investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of
investors that are subject to special treatment under the
federal income tax laws, such as insurance companies, financial
institutions or broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations (except
to the limited extent discussed in Taxation of
Tax-Exempt Stockholders), foreign corporations and persons
who are not citizens or residents of the United States (except
to the limited extent discussed in Taxation of
Non-U.S. Holders),
investors who hold or will hold securities as part of hedging or
conversion transactions, investors subject to federal
alternative minimum tax, investors that have a principal place
of business or tax home outside the United States
and investors whose functional currency is not the United States
dollar.
The statements of law in this discussion and the opinion of
Andrews Kurth LLP are based on current provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the
Code, existing temporary and final Treasury
regulations thereunder, and current administrative rulings and
court decisions. No assurance can be given that future
legislative, judicial, or administrative actions or decisions,
which may be retroactive in effect, will not affect the accuracy
of any statements in this prospectus with respect to the
transactions entered into or contemplated prior to the effective
date of such changes.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the
specific tax consequences to you of ownership of our securities
and of our election to be taxed as a REIT. Specifically, we urge
you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the federal,
state, local, foreign, and other tax consequences of such
ownership and election and regarding potential changes in
applicable tax laws.
Taxation of Our Company
We are currently taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax
laws. We believe that we are organized and operate in such a
manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and
we intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no
assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to
continue to qualify as a REIT. This section discusses the laws
governing the federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its
investors. These laws are highly technical and complex.
Andrews Kurth LLP has acted as our counsel in connection with
the offering. In the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP for the
taxable years ending December 31, 2003, December 31,
2004 and December 31, 2005, we qualified to be taxed as a
REIT pursuant to sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and our
organization and present and proposed method of operation will
enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification
and taxation as a REIT under the Code. Investors should be aware
that Andrews Kurth LLPs opinion is based upon customary
assumptions, is conditioned upon the accuracy of certain
representations made by us as to factual matters, including
representations regarding the nature of our properties and the
future conduct of our business, and is not binding upon the
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or any court. In
addition, Andrews Kurth LLPs opinion is based on existing
federal income tax law governing qualification as a REIT,
41
which is subject to change either prospectively or
retroactively. Moreover, our continued qualification and
taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a
continuing basis, through actual annual operating results,
certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws.
Those qualification tests include the percentage of income that
we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets
that falls within specified categories, the diversity of our
share ownership, and the percentage of our earnings that we
distribute. While Andrews Kurth LLP has reviewed those matters
in connection with the foregoing opinion, Andrews Kurth LLP will
not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing
basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual
results of our operation for any particular taxable year will
satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the tax
consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see
Failure to Qualify.
If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to
federal income tax on the taxable income that we distribute to
our stockholders. The benefit of that tax treatment is that it
avoids the double taxation, or taxation at both the
corporate and stockholder levels, that generally results from
owning stock in a corporation. However, we will be subject to
federal tax in the following circumstances:
|
|
|
|
|
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net
capital gain, that we do not distribute to our stockholders
during, or within a specified time period after, the calendar
year in which the income is earned. |
|
|
|
Under certain circumstances, we may be subject to the
alternative minimum tax on items of tax preference. |
|
|
|
We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on
(1) net income from the sale or other disposition of
property acquired through foreclosure (foreclosure
property) that we hold primarily for sale to customers in
the ordinary course of business and (2) other non-qualifying
income from foreclosure property. |
|
|
|
We will pay a 100% tax on net income from sales or other
dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, that
we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course
of business. |
|
|
|
If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross
income test, as described below under Income
Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT
because we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on
(1) the gross income attributable to the greater of the
amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income tests,
multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our
profitability. |
|
|
|
If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum
of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year,
(2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year,
and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior
periods, we will pay a 4% excise tax on the excess of this
required distribution over the sum of the amount we actually
distributed, plus any retained amounts on which income tax has
been paid at the corporate level. |
|
|
|
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term
capital gain. In that case, a U.S. holder, as defined below
under Taxation of U.S. Holders,
would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed
long-term capital gain (to the extent that a timely designation
of such gain is made by us to the stockholder) and would receive
a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax we
paid. |
|
|
|
If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation
that generally is subject to full corporate-level tax, in a
merger or other transaction in which we acquire a basis in the
asset that is determined by reference to the C
corporations basis in the asset, we will pay tax at the
highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize gain
on the sale or disposition of such asset during the
10-year period after we
acquire such asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax
generally is the lesser of: (1) the amount of gain that we
recognize at the time of the sale or disposition; or
(2) the amount of gain that we would have recognized if we
had sold the asset at the time we acquired the asset. |
42
|
|
|
|
|
We will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a
taxable REIT subsidiary that are not conducted on an
arms-length basis. |
|
|
|
If we fail to satisfy certain asset tests, described below under
Asset Tests and nonetheless continue to
qualify as a REIT because we meet certain other requirements, we
will be subject to a tax of the greater of $50,000 or at the
highest corporate rate on the income generated by the
non-qualifying assets. |
|
|
|
We may be subject to a $50,000 tax for each failure if we fail
to satisfy certain REIT qualification requirements, other than
income tests or asset tests, and the failure is due to
reasonable cause and not willful neglect. |
In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we may
also have to pay certain state and local income taxes, because
not all states and localities treat REITs in the same manner
that they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover,
as further described below, any TRS in which we own an interest
will be subject to federal and state corporate income tax on its
taxable income.
Requirements for Qualification
A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets the
following requirements:
|
|
|
1. it is managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
|
|
2. its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable
shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest; |
|
|
3. it would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for
the REIT provisions of the federal income tax laws; |
|
|
4. it is neither a financial institution nor an insurance
company subject to special provisions of the federal income tax
laws; |
|
|
5. at least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares
or ownership certificates; |
|
|
6. no more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or
ownership certificates is owned, directly or indirectly, by five
or fewer individuals, as defined in the federal income tax laws
to include certain entities, during the last half of each
taxable year; |
|
|
7. it elects to be a REIT, or has made such election for a
previous taxable year, and satisfies all relevant filing and
other administrative requirements established by the IRS that
must be met to elect and maintain REIT status; |
|
|
8. it uses a calendar year for federal income tax purposes
and complies with the recordkeeping requirements of the federal
income tax laws; and |
|
|
9. it meets certain other qualification tests, described
below, regarding the nature of its income and assets and the
amount of its distributions. |
We must meet requirements 1 through 4 during our entire taxable
year and must meet requirement 5 during at least
335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a
proportionate part of a taxable year of less than
12 months. If we comply with all the requirements for
ascertaining the ownership of our outstanding shares in a
taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated
requirement 6, we will be deemed to have satisfied
requirement 6 for such taxable year. For purposes of determining
share ownership under requirement 6, an
individual generally includes a supplemental
unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation,
or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used
exclusively for charitable purposes. An individual,
however, generally does not include a trust that is a qualified
employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal
income tax laws, and beneficiaries of such a trust will be
treated as holding shares of our stock in proportion to their
actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of requirement 6.
43
We have issued sufficient stock with enough diversity of
ownership to satisfy requirements 5 and 6 set forth above. In
addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of
our stock so that we should continue to satisfy requirements 5
and 6. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership
and transfer of the stock are described in Description of
Our Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and
Transfer.
If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are
required to send annual letters to holders of our stock
requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our
stock, and we do not know, or exercising reasonable diligence
would not have known, whether we failed to meet requirement 6
above, we will be treated as having met the requirement.
In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other
administrative requirements established by the IRS that must be
met to elect and maintain REIT qualification.
A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is
not treated as a corporation separate from its parent REIT. All
assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit
of a qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as
assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit
of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a
corporation, other than a taxable REIT subsidiary
(TRS), all of the capital stock of which is owned by
the REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described in this
section, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own
will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of
income, deduction, and credit of that subsidiary will be treated
as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and
credit. Similarly, any wholly owned limited liability company or
certain wholly owned partnerships that we own will be
disregarded, and all assets, liabilities and items of income,
deduction and credit of such limited liability company will be
treated as ours.
In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that
has other partners, the REIT is treated as owning its
proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as
earning its allocable share of the gross income of the
partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification
tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (as described below
under Asset Tests), our proportionate
share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity
interests and certain debt securities issued by the partnership.
For all of the other asset and income tests, our proportionate
share is based on our proportionate interest in the capital
interests in the partnership. Our proportionate share of the
assets, liabilities, and items of income of our operating
partnership and of any other partnership, joint venture, or
limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes in which we own or will acquire an
interest, directly or indirectly (each, a
Partnership and, together, the
Partnerships), are treated as our assets and gross
income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification
requirements.
Subject to restrictions on the value of TRS securities held by
the REIT, a REIT is permitted to own up to 100% of the stock of
one or more TRSs. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation. The TRS
and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a
TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns
more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will be
automatically treated as a TRS. A TRS may not directly or
indirectly operate or manage any hotels or health care
facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any
hotel or health care facility is operated but is permitted to
lease hotels from a related REIT as long as the hotels are
operated on behalf of the TRS by an eligible independent
contractor. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a
REITs assets may consist of TRS securities. We formed and
made a timely election with respect to two TRSs, Ashford
TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation (together
with their respective subsidiaries, Ashford TRSs).
Each of our hotel properties is leased or owned by one of the
Ashford TRSs. Additionally, we may form or acquire one or more
additional TRSs in the future. See Taxable
REIT Subsidiaries.
Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our
qualification as a REIT. First, at least 75% of our gross income
for each taxable year must consist of defined types of income
that we derive, directly
44
or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or
mortgages on real property or qualified temporary investment
income. Qualifying income for purposes of that 75% gross income
test generally includes:
|
|
|
|
|
rents from real property; |
|
|
|
interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on
interests in real property; |
|
|
|
dividends and gain from the sale of shares in other REITs; |
|
|
|
gain from the sale of real estate assets; and |
|
|
|
income derived from the temporary investment of new capital or
qualified temporary investment income, that is
attributable to the issuance of our stock or a public offering
of our debt with a maturity date of at least five years and that
we receive during the one-year period beginning on the date on
which we received such new capital. |
Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each
taxable year must consist of income that is qualifying income
for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of
dividends and interest, gain from the sale or disposition of
stock or securities, income from certain hedging transactions,
or any combination of these. Gross income from our sale of any
property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business is excluded from both income tests.
In addition, income and gain from hedging
transactions, as defined in Hedging
Transactions, that we enter into to hedge indebtedness
incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate
assets and that are clearly and timely identified as such will
be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for
purposes of the 95% gross income test (but not the 75% gross
income test). The following paragraphs discuss the specific
application of the gross income tests to us.
Rents from Real Property. Rent that we receive from real
property that we own and lease to tenants will qualify as
rents from real property, which is qualifying income
for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, only if the
following conditions are met:
|
|
|
|
|
First, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the
income or profits of any person but may be based on a fixed
percentage or percentages of gross receipts or gross sales. |
|
|
|
Second, neither we nor a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more
of our shares of stock may own, actually or constructively, 10%
or more of a tenant other than a TRS from whom we receive rent. |
|
|
|
Third, if the rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property exceeds 15% of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent
attributable to that personal property will not qualify as
rents from real property. |
|
|
|
Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real
property or furnish or render services to our tenants, other
than through an independent contractor who is
adequately compensated, from whom we do not derive revenue, and
who does not, directly or through its stockholders, own more
than 35% of our shares of stock, taking into consideration the
applicable ownership attribution rules. However, we need not
provide services through an independent contractor,
but instead may provide services directly to our tenants, if the
services are usually or customarily rendered in the
geographic area in connection with the rental of space for
occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the
tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal
amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a
property, other than through an independent contractor, as long
as our income from the services (valued at not less than 150% of
our direct cost of performing such services) does not exceed 1%
of our income from the related property. Furthermore, we may own
up to 100% of the stock of a TRS which may provide customary and
noncustomary services to our tenants without tainting our rental
income from the related properties. See
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. |
Pursuant to percentage leases, the Ashford TRSs lease each of
our properties not owned by a TRS. The percentage leases provide
that the Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay to the Partnerships
(1) a minimum base rent plus percentage rent based on gross
revenue and (2) additional charges or other
expenses, as defined in
45
the leases. Percentage rent is calculated by multiplying fixed
percentages by room revenues for each of the hotels. Both base
rent and the thresholds in the percentage rent formulas may be
adjusted for inflation.
In order for the base rent, percentage rent, and additional
charges to constitute rents from real property, the
percentage leases must be respected as true leases for federal
income tax purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint
ventures, or some other type of arrangement. The determination
of whether the percentage leases are true leases depends on an
analysis of all the surrounding facts and circumstances. In
making such a determination, courts have considered a variety of
factors, including the following:
|
|
|
|
|
the intent of the parties; |
|
|
|
the form of the agreement; |
|
|
|
the degree of control over the property that is retained by the
property owner, or whether the lessee has substantial control
over the operation of the property or is required simply to use
its best efforts to perform its obligations under the
agreement; and |
|
|
|
the extent to which the property owner retains the risk of loss
with respect to the property, or whether the lessee bears the
risk of increases in operating expenses or the risk of damage to
the property or the potential for economic gain or appreciation
with respect to the property. |
In addition, federal income tax law provides that a contract
that purports to be a service contract or a partnership
agreement will be treated instead as a lease of property if the
contract is properly treated as such, taking into account all
relevant factors, including whether or not:
|
|
|
|
|
the service recipient is in physical possession of the property; |
|
|
|
the service recipient controls the property; |
|
|
|
the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory
interest in the property, or whether the propertys use is
likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the
recipient shares the risk that the property will decline in
value, the recipient shares in any appreciation in the value of
the property, the recipient shares in savings in the
propertys operating costs, or the recipient bears the risk
of damage to or loss of the property; |
|
|
|
the service provider bears the risk of substantially diminished
receipts or substantially increased expenditures if there is
nonperformance under the contract; |
|
|
|
the service provider uses the property concurrently to provide
significant services to entities unrelated to the service
recipient; and |
|
|
|
the total contract price substantially exceeds the rental value
of the property for the contract period. |
Since the determination whether a service contract should be
treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or
absence of any single factor will not be dispositive in every
case.
We believe that the percentage leases will be treated as true
leases for federal income tax purposes. Such belief is based, in
part, on the following facts:
|
|
|
|
|
the Partnerships, on the one hand, and Ashford TRSs, on the
other hand, intend for their relationship to be that of a lessor
and lessee, and such relationship is documented by lease
agreements; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs have the right to the exclusive possession, use,
and quiet enjoyment of the hotels during the term of the
percentage leases; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs bear the cost of, and are responsible for,
day-to-day maintenance
and repair of the hotels and generally dictate how the hotels
are operated, maintained, and improved; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs bear all of the costs and expenses of operating the
hotels, including the cost of any inventory used in their
operation, during the term of the percentage leases, other than,
in certain cases, real estate taxes; |
46
|
|
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs benefit from any savings in the costs of operating
the hotels during the term of the percentage leases; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs generally have indemnified the Partnerships against
all liabilities imposed on the Partnerships during the term of
the percentage leases by reason of (1) injury to persons or
damage to property occurring at the hotels, (2) Ashford
TRSs use, management, maintenance, or repair of the
hotels, (3) any environmental liability caused by acts or
grossly negligent failures to act of Ashford TRSs, (4) taxes and
assessments in respect of the hotels that are the obligations of
Ashford TRSs, or (5) any breach of the percentage leases or
of any sublease of a hotel by Ashford TRSs; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the
period of use of the hotels; |
|
|
|
Ashford TRSs stand to incur substantial losses or reap
substantial gains depending on how successfully they operate the
hotels; |
|
|
|
the Partnerships cannot use the hotels concurrently to provide
significant services to entities unrelated to Ashford
TRSs; and |
|
|
|
the total contract price under the percentage leases does not
substantially exceed the rental value of the hotels for the term
of the percentage leases. |
Investors should be aware that there are no controlling Treasury
regulations, published rulings, or judicial decisions involving
leases with terms substantially the same as the percentage
leases that discuss whether such leases constitute true leases
for federal income tax purposes. If the percentage leases are
characterized as service contracts or partnership agreements,
rather than as true leases, part or all of the payments that the
Partnerships receive from Ashford TRSs may not be considered
rent or may not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for
qualification as rents from real property. In that
case, we likely would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or
95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our REIT
status.
As described above, in order for the rent received by us to
constitute rents from real property, several other
requirements must be satisfied. One requirement is that the
percentage rent must not be based in whole or in part on the
income or profits of any person. The percentage rent, however,
will qualify as rents from real property if it is
based on percentages of gross receipts or gross sales and the
percentages:
|
|
|
|
|
are fixed at the time the percentage leases are entered into; |
|
|
|
are not renegotiated during the term of the percentage leases in
a manner that has the effect of basing percentage rent on income
or profits; and |
|
|
|
conform with normal business practice. |
More generally, the percentage rent will not qualify as
rents from real property if, considering the
percentage leases and all the surrounding circumstances, the
arrangement does not conform with normal business practice, but
is in reality used as a means of basing the percentage rent on
income or profits. Since the percentage rent is based on fixed
percentages of the gross revenues from the hotels that are
established in the percentage leases, and we have represented to
Andrews Kurth LLP that the percentages (1) will not be
renegotiated during the terms of the percentage leases in a
manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on
income or profits and (2) conform with normal business
practice, the percentage rent should not be considered based in
whole or in part on the income or profits of any person.
Furthermore, we have represented to Andrews Kurth LLP that, with
respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in the future,
we will not charge rent for any property that is based in whole
or in part on the income or profits of any person, except by
reason of being based on a fixed percentage of gross revenues,
as described above.
Another requirement for qualification of our rent as rents
from real property is that we must not own, actually or
constructively, 10% or more of the stock of any corporate lessee
or 10% or more of the assets or net profits of any non-corporate
lessee (a related party tenant). This rule, however,
does not apply to rents for hotels leased to a TRS if an
eligible independent contractor operates the hotel
for the TRS.
47
A third requirement for qualification of our rent as rents
from real property is that the rent attributable to the
personal property leased in connection with the lease of a hotel
must not be greater than 15% of the total rent received under
the lease. The rent attributable to the personal property
contained in a hotel is the amount that bears the same ratio to
total rent for the taxable year as the average of the fair
market values of the personal property at the beginning and at
the end of the taxable year bears to the average of the
aggregate fair market values of both the real and personal
property contained in the hotel at the beginning and at the end
of such taxable year (the personal property ratio).
With respect to each hotel, we believe either that the personal
property ratio is less than 15% or that any income attributable
to excess personal property will not jeopardize our ability to
qualify as a REIT. There can be no assurance, however, that the
IRS would not challenge our calculation of a personal property
ratio or that a court would not uphold such assertion. If such a
challenge were successfully asserted, we could fail to satisfy
the 95% or 75% gross income test and thus lose our REIT status.
A fourth requirement for qualification of our rent as
rents from real property is that, other than within
the 1% de minimis exception described above (i.e., we may
provide a minimal amount of non-customary services
to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent
contractor, as long as our income from the services does not
exceed 1% of our income from the related property) and other
than through a TRS, we cannot furnish or render noncustomary
services to the tenants of our hotels, or manage or operate our
hotels, other than through an independent contractor who is
adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive or receive
any income. Provided that the percentage leases are respected as
true leases, we should satisfy that requirement, because the
Partnerships will not perform any services other than customary
services for Ashford TRSs. Furthermore, we have represented
that, with respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in
the future, we will not perform noncustomary services for
Ashford TRSs.
If a portion of our rent from a hotel does not qualify as
rents from real property because the rent
attributable to personal property exceeds 15% of the total rent
for a taxable year, the portion of the rent that is attributable
to personal property will not be qualifying income for purposes
of either the 75% or 95% gross income test. Thus, if such rent
attributable to personal property, plus any other income that is
nonqualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test,
during a taxable year exceeds 5% of our gross income during the
year, we would lose our REIT status. If, however, the rent from
a particular hotel does not qualify as rents from real
property because either (1) the percentage rent is
considered based on the income or profits of the related lessee,
(2) the lessee is a related party tenant other than a TRS,
or (3) we furnish noncustomary services to the tenants of
the hotel, or manage or operate the hotel, other than through a
qualifying independent contractor or a TRS, none of the rent
from that hotel would qualify as rents from real
property.
In that case, we likely would be unable to satisfy either the
75% or 95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our
REIT status. However, in either situation, we may still qualify
as a REIT if the relief described below under
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests is
available to us.
In addition to the rent, the Ashford TRSs are required to pay to
the Partnerships certain additional charges. To the extent that
such additional charges represent either (1) reimbursements
of amounts that the Partnerships are obligated to pay to third
parties or (2) penalties for nonpayment or late payment of
such amounts, such charges should qualify as rents from
real property. However, to the extent that such charges
represent interest that is accrued on the late payment of the
rent or additional charges, such charges will not qualify as
rents from real property, but instead should be
treated as interest that qualifies for the 95% gross income test.
Interest. The term interest, as defined for
purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, generally
does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or
indirectly, if the determination of such amount depends in whole
or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an
amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from
the term interest solely by reason of being based on
a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.
Furthermore, to the extent that interest from a loan that is
based on the residual cash proceeds from the sale of the
property securing the loan constitutes a shared
appreciation provision, income attributable to such
participation feature will be treated as gain from the sale of
the secured property.
48
While certain of our existing mezzanine loans are not secured by
a direct interest in real property, other of our mezzanine loans
are, and future mezzanine loans may be. In Revenue Procedure
2003-65, the IRS established a safe harbor under which interest
from loans secured by a first priority security interest in
ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability
company owning real property will be treated as qualifying
income for both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided
several requirements are satisfied. Although the Revenue
Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it
does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover,
although we anticipate that most or all of any mezzanine loans
that we make or acquire will qualify for the safe harbor in
Revenue Procedure 2003-65, it is possible that we may make or
acquire some mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe
harbor.
Prohibited Transactions. A REIT will incur a 100% tax on
the net income derived from any sale or other disposition of
property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a
trade or business. Whether a REIT holds an asset primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or
business depends on the facts and circumstances in effect
from time to time, including those related to a particular
asset. We believe that none of the assets owned by the
Partnerships is held primarily for sale to customers and that a
sale of any such asset would not be in the ordinary course of
the owning entitys business. We will attempt to comply
with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the federal income
tax laws prescribing when an asset sale will not be
characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot provide
assurance, however, that we can comply with such safe-harbor
provisions or that the Partnerships will avoid owning property
that may be characterized as property held primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or
business.
Foreclosure Property. We will be subject to tax at the
maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure property,
other than income that would be qualifying income for purposes
of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected
with the production of such income. However, gross income from
such foreclosure property will qualify for purposes of the 75%
and 95% gross income tests. Foreclosure property is
any real property, including interests in real property, and any
personal property incident to such real property:
|
|
|
|
|
that is acquired by a REIT as the result of such REIT having bid
on such property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced
such property to ownership or possession by agreement or process
of law, after there was a default or default was imminent on a
lease of such property or on an indebtedness that such property
secured; |
|
|
|
for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at
a time when the REIT had no intent to evict or foreclose or the
REIT did not know or have reason to know that default would
occur; and |
|
|
|
for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat such
property as foreclosure property. |
However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a
property where the REIT takes control of the property as a
mortgagee-in-possession
and cannot receive any profit or sustain any loss except as a
creditor of the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be
foreclosure property with respect to a REIT at the end of the
third taxable year following the taxable year in which the REIT
acquired such property, or longer if an extension is granted by
the Secretary of the Treasury. The foregoing grace period is
terminated and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure
property on the first day:
|
|
|
|
|
on which a lease is entered into with respect to such property
that, by its terms, will give rise to income that does not
qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test or any amount
is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a
lease entered into on or after such day that will give rise to
income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross
income test; |
|
|
|
on which any construction takes place on such property, other
than completion of a building, or any other improvement, where
more than 10% of the construction of such building or other
improvement was completed before default became imminent; or |
|
|
|
which is more than 90 days after the day on which such
property was acquired by the REIT and the property is used in a
trade or business which is conducted by the REIT, other than
through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does
not derive or receive any income. |
49
As a result of the rules with respect to foreclosure property,
if a lessee defaults on its obligations under a percentage
lease, we terminate the lessees leasehold interest, and we
are unable to find a replacement lessee for the hotel within
90 days of such foreclosure, gross income from hotel
operations conducted by us from such hotel would cease to
qualify for the 75% and 95% gross income tests unless we are
able to hire an independent contractor to manage and operate the
hotel. In such event, we might be unable to satisfy the 75% and
95% gross income tests and, thus, might fail to qualify as a
REIT.
Hedging Transactions. From time to time, we may enter
into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our
assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include
entering into interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to
purchase such items, and futures and forward contracts. To the
extent that we entered into an interest rate swap or cap
contract, option, futures contract, forward rate agreement, or
any similar financial instrument to hedge our indebtedness
incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets
prior to January 1, 2005, any periodic income or gain from
the disposition of such contract should be qualifying income for
purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross
income test. To the extent that we hedged with other types of
financial instruments during such years, or in other situations,
it is not entirely clear how the income from those transactions
will be treated for purposes of the gross income tests. To the
extent that we enter into such transactions after
December 31, 2004, income arising from clearly
identified hedging transactions that are entered into by
the REIT in the normal course of business, either directly or
through certain subsidiary entities, to manage the risk of
interest rate movements, price changes, or currency fluctuations
with respect to borrowings or obligations incurred or to be
incurred by the REIT to acquire or carry real estate assets is
excluded from the 95% income test, but not the 75% income test.
In general, for a hedging transaction to be clearly
identified, (A) the transaction must be identified as
a hedging transaction before the end of the day on which it is
entered into, and (B) the items or risks being hedged must
be identified substantially contemporaneously with
the hedging transaction, meaning that the identification of the
items or risks being hedged must generally occur within
35 days after the date the transaction is entered into.
Such income is excluded from gross income in applying the 95%
gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. We intend
to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not
jeopardize our status as a REIT. The REIT income and asset rules
may limit our ability to hedge loans or securities acquired as
investments.
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests. If we fail to
satisfy one or both of the gross income tests for any taxable
year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for such year if we
qualify for relief under certain provisions of the federal
income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally will be
available if:
|
|
|
|
|
our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and
not due to willful neglect; and |
|
|
|
following our identification of the failure to meet one or both
gross income tests for a taxable year, a description of each
item of our gross income included in the 75% or 95% gross income
tests is set forth in a schedule for such taxable year filed as
specified by Treasury regulations. |
We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we
would qualify for the relief provisions. In addition, as
discussed above in Taxation of Our
Company, even if the relief provisions apply, we would
incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the greater
of the amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our
profitability.
Asset Tests
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we also must satisfy
the following asset tests at the close of each quarter of each
taxable year:
|
|
|
|
|
First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must
consist of: |
|
|
|
|
|
cash or cash items, including certain receivables; |
|
|
|
government securities; |
|
|
|
interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to
acquire real property and leaseholds; |
50
|
|
|
|
|
interests in mortgages on real property; |
|
|
|
stock in other REITs; and |
|
|
|
investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year
period following our receipt of new capital that we raise
through equity offerings or offerings of debt with at least a
five-year term. |
|
|
|
|
|
Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class,
the value of our interest in any one issuers securities
may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets. |
|
|
|
Third, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class,
we may not own more than 10% of the voting power or value of any
one issuers outstanding securities. |
|
|
|
Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may
consist of the securities of one or more TRSs. |
For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term
securities does not include stock in another REIT,
equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS,
or equity interests in a partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, the term
securities does not include:
|
|
|
|
|
Straight debt securities, which is defined as a
written unconditional promise to pay on demand or on a specified
date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not
convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock, and
(ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not
contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or
similar factors. Straight debt securities do not
include any securities issued by a partnership or a corporation
in which we or any controlled TRS (i.e., a TRS in which
we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the voting power
or value of the stock) hold non-straight debt
securities that have an aggregate value of more than 1% of the
issuers outstanding securities. However, straight
debt securities include debt subject to the following
contingencies: |
|
|
|
|
|
a contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or
principal, as long as either (i) there is no change to the
effective yield of the debt obligation, other than a change to
the annual yield that does not exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5%
of the annual yield, or (ii) neither the aggregate issue
price nor the aggregate face amount of the issuers debt
obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no more than
12 months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can
be required to be prepaid; and |
|
|
|
a contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a
default or prepayment of a debt obligation, as long as the
contingency is consistent with customary commercial practice. |
|
|
|
|
|
Any loan to an individual or an estate. |
|
|
|
Any section 467 rental agreement, other
than an agreement with a related party tenant. |
|
|
|
Any obligation to pay rents from real property. |
|
|
|
Certain securities issued by governmental entities. |
|
|
|
Any security issued by a REIT. |
|
|
|
Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes to the extent of our interest as a
partner in the partnership. |
|
|
|
Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes not described in the preceding
bullet points if at least 75% of the partnerships gross
income, excluding income from prohibited transactions, is
qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test
described above in Income Tests. |
We believe that our existing mezzanine loans that are secured
only by ownership interests in an entity owning real property
qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65,
pursuant to which mezzanine loans secured by a first priority
security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or
limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets
for purposes of the 75% asset test. We may make or acquire some
51
mezzanine loans that are secured only by a first priority
security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or
limited liability company and that do not qualify for the safe
harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 relating to the 75% asset
test and that do not qualify as straight debt for
purposes of the 10% value test. We will make or acquire
mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor in
Revenue Procedure 2003-65 or as straight debt
securities only to the extent that such loans will not cause us
to fail the asset tests described above.
We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the
various asset tests and will seek to manage our assets to comply
at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances,
however, that we will be successful in this effort. In this
regard, to determine our compliance with these requirements, we
will need to estimate the value of the real estate securing our
mortgage loans at various times. In addition, we will have to
value our investment in our other assets to ensure compliance
with the asset tests. Although we will seek to be prudent in
making these estimates, there can be no assurances that the IRS
might not disagree with these determinations and assert that a
different value is applicable, in which case we might not
satisfy the 75% and the other asset tests and would fail to
qualify as a REIT. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the
end of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT
qualification if:
|
|
|
|
|
we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding
calendar quarter; and |
|
|
|
the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset
test requirements arose from changes in the market values of our
assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of
one or more non-qualifying assets. |
If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second
item, above, we still could avoid disqualification by
eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close
of the calendar quarter in which it arose.
In the event that we violate the second or third asset tests
described above at the end of any calendar quarter, we will not
lose our REIT qualification if (i) the failure is de
minimis (up to the lesser of 1% of our assets or
$10 million) and (ii) we dispose of assets or
otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after
the last day of the quarter in which we identified such failure.
In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the
asset tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause
and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT
qualification if we (i) dispose of assets or otherwise
comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day
of the quarter in which we identified such failure,
(ii) file a schedule with the IRS describing the assets
that caused such failure in accordance with regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of Treasury and (iii) pay a
tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income
from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we
failed to satisfy the asset tests.
Distribution Requirements
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than
capital gain dividends and deemed distributions of retained
capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at
least equal to:
|
|
|
|
|
the sum of (1) 90% of our REIT taxable income,
computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our
net capital gain, and (2) 90% of our after-tax net income,
if any, from foreclosure property; minus |
|
|
|
the sum of certain items of non-cash income. |
We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they
relate, or in the following taxable year if we declare the
distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return
for such year and pay the distribution on or before the first
regular dividend payment date after such declaration. Any
dividends declared in the last three months of the taxable year,
payable to stockholders of record on a specified date during
such period, will be treated as paid on December 31 of such
year if such dividends are distributed during January of the
following year.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net
capital gain, that we do not distribute to our stockholders.
Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or
by the end of January
52
following such calendar year in the case of distributions with
declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of
the calendar year, at least the sum of:
|
|
|
|
|
85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; |
|
|
|
95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year; and |
|
|
|
any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, |
we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of
such required distribution over the amounts we actually
distributed. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the
net long-term capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders of
Stock. If we so elect, we will be treated as having
distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4%
excise tax described above. We intend to make timely
distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution
requirements.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing
differences between (1) the actual receipt of income and
actual payment of deductible expenses, and (2) the
inclusion of that income and deduction of such expenses in
arriving at our REIT taxable income. For example, under some of
the percentage leases, the percentage rent is not due until
after the end of the calendar quarter. In that case, we still
would be required to recognize as income the excess of the
percentage rent over the base rent paid by the lessee in the
calendar quarter to which such excess relates. In addition, we
may not deduct recognized net capital losses from our REIT
taxable income. Further, it is possible that, from time to
time, we may be allocated a share of net capital gain
attributable to the sale of depreciated property that exceeds
our allocable share of cash attributable to that sale. As a
result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is necessary
to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid
corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain
undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow
funds or issue additional common or preferred shares.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure
to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying
deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later
year. We may include such deficiency dividends in our deduction
for dividends paid for the earlier year. Although we may be able
to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency
dividends, we will be required to pay interest to the IRS based
upon the amount of any deduction we take for deficiency
dividends.
Recordkeeping Requirements
To avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis
information from our stockholders designed to disclose the
actual ownership of our outstanding shares of stock. We intend
to comply with such requirements.
Failure to Qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT
qualification, other than the gross income tests and the asset
tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty
of $50,000 for each such failure. In addition, there are relief
provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset
tests, as described in Income Tests and
Asset Tests.
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and
no relief provision applied, we would be subject to federal
income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and
any applicable alternative minimum tax. In calculating our
taxable income in a year in which we failed to qualify as a
REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to
stockholders. In fact, we would not be required to distribute
any amounts to stockholders in such year. In such event, to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all
distributions to stockholders would be taxable as regular
corporate dividends. Subject to certain limitations of the
federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be
eligible for the dividends received deduction and individual and
certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders may be
eligible for the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate of
15% on such dividends. Unless we qualified for relief under
specific statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified
from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following
53
the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot
predict whether in all circumstances we would qualify for such
statutory relief.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders
The term U.S. holder means a holder of our
securities that for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a
U.S. person. A U.S. person means:
|
|
|
|
|
a citizen or resident of the United States; |
|
|
|
a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for
U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in
or under the laws of the United States, any of its states, or
the District of Columbia; |
|
|
|
an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income
taxation regardless of its source; or |
|
|
|
any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise
primary supervision over the administration of such trust and
one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all
substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid
election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership
for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our securities,
the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership
will generally depend on the status of the partner and the
activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a
partnership holding our securities, you should consult your tax
advisor regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership
and disposition of our securities by the partnership. The
following section addresses the treatment of a U.S. holder
that holds our stock; the treatment of a U.S. holder that
holds our debt securities is discussed below under
Holders of Debt Securities.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Holders of Stock
As long as we qualify as a REIT, (1) a taxable
U.S. holder of our stock must take into account
distributions that are made out of our current or accumulated
earnings and profits and that we do not designate as capital
gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain as ordinary
income, and (2) a corporate U.S. holder of our stock
will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally
available to corporations. In addition, dividends paid to a
U.S. holder generally will not qualify for the 15% tax rate
(through 2010) for qualified dividend income.
Without future congressional action, the maximum tax rate on
qualified dividend income will move to 39.6% in 2011. Qualified
dividend income generally includes dividends from most
U.S. corporations but does not generally include REIT
dividends. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends generally
will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to
ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual
income tax rate on ordinary income is 35%. However, the 15% tax
rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary
REIT dividends, if any, that are (1) attributable to
dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such as
Ashford TRSs, and (2) attributable to income upon which we
have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we
distribute less than 100% of our taxable income). In general, to
qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, a
stockholder must hold our stock for more than 60 days
during the 121-day
period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the
date on which our stock becomes ex-dividend.
A U.S. holder generally will report distributions that we
designate as capital gain dividends as long-term capital gain
without regard to the period for which the U.S. holder has
held our stock. A corporate U.S. holder, however, may be
required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as
ordinary income.
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term
capital gain that we receive in a taxable year. In that case, a
U.S. holder would be taxed on its proportionate share of
our undistributed long-term capital gain, to the extent that we
designate such amount in a timely notice to such holder. The
U.S. holder would receive a credit or refund for its
proportionate share of the tax we paid. The U.S. holder
would increase the basis in its stock by the amount of its
proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain,
minus its share of the tax we paid.
54
To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our
current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distribution
will not be taxable to a U.S. holder to the extent that it
does not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the
U.S. holders stock. Instead, such distribution will
reduce the adjusted tax basis of such stock. To the extent that
we make a distribution in excess of both our current and
accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. holders
adjusted tax basis in its stock, such stockholder will recognize
long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the stock
has been held for one year or less, assuming the stock is a
capital asset in the hands of the U.S. holder. The IRS has
ruled that if total distributions for two or more classes of
stock are in excess of current and accumulated earnings and
profits, dividends must be treated as having been distributed to
those stockholders having a priority under the corporate charter
before any distribution to stockholders with lesser priority. In
addition, if we declare a dividend in October, November, or
December of any year that is payable to a U.S. holder of
record on a specified date in any such month, such dividend
shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the
U.S. holder on December 31 of such year, provided that
we actually pay the dividend during January of the following
calendar year.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax
returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses.
Instead, we would carry over such losses for potential offset
against our future income generally. Taxable distributions from
us and gain from the disposition of our stock will not be
treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders
generally will not be able to apply any passive activity
losses, such as losses from certain types of limited
partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner,
against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us
and gain from the disposition of the stock generally will be
treated as investment income for purposes of the investment
interest limitations.
We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year
as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that
year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and
capital gain.
Taxation of U.S. Holders on the Disposition of Stock
In general, a U.S. holder who is not a dealer in securities
must treat any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition
of our stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the
U.S. holder has held the stock for more than one year and
otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. However, a
U.S. holder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of
stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a
long-term capital loss to the extent of any actual or deemed
distributions from us that such U.S. holder previously has
characterized as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any
loss that a U.S. holder realizes upon a taxable disposition
of the stock may be disallowed if the U.S. holder purchases
the same type of stock within 30 days before or after the
disposition.
Capital Gains and Losses
A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one
year for gain or loss derived from its sale or exchange to be
treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal
individual income tax rate is currently 35%. The maximum tax
rate on long-term capital gain applicable to non-corporate
taxpayers is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more
than one year. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain
from the sale or exchange of section 1250
property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the
extent that such gain, not otherwise treated as ordinary, would
have been treated as ordinary income if the property were
section 1245 property. With respect to
distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and
any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we
generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable
to our non-corporate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus,
the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary
income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In
addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or
ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses.
A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by
capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum
annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry
forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer
must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate
rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to
the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried
back three years and forward five years.
55
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of
distributions we pay during each calendar year and the amount of
tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a
stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the rate of
28% with respect to distributions unless such holder:
|
|
|
|
|
is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories
and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or |
|
|
|
provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no
loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise
complies with the applicable requirements of the backup
withholding rules. |
A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer
identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed
by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be
creditable against the stockholders income tax liability.
In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital
gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their
non-foreign status to us. See Taxation of
Non-U.S. Holders.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and
profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts,
generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they
are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable
income. While many investments in real estate generate unrelated
business taxable income, the IRS has issued a published ruling
that dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee
pension trust do not constitute unrelated business taxable
income, provided that the exempt employee pension trust does not
otherwise use the shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or
business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling, amounts
that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should
not constitute unrelated business taxable income. However, if a
tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of our
stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from
us would constitute unrelated business taxable income pursuant
to the debt-financed property rules. Furthermore,
social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations,
supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group
legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special
provisions of the federal income tax laws are subject to
different unrelated business taxable income rules, which
generally will require them to characterize distributions that
they receive from us as unrelated business taxable income.
Finally, if we are a pension-held REIT, a qualified
employee pension or profit sharing trust that owns more than 10%
of our shares of stock is required to treat a percentage of the
dividends that it receives from us as unrelated business taxable
income. That percentage is equal to the gross income that we
derive from an unrelated trade or business, determined as if we
were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the
year in which we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a
pension trust holding more than 10% of our shares of stock only
if:
|
|
|
|
|
the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust would
be required to treat as unrelated business taxable income is at
least 5%; |
|
|
|
we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule
requiring that no more than 50% of our stock be owned by five or
fewer individuals that allows the beneficiaries of the pension
trust to be treated as holding our stock in proportion to their
actuarial interests in the pension trust (see
Requirements for Qualification
above); and |
|
|
|
either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the
value of our stock or (2) a group of pension trusts
individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock
collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our stock. |
The ownership and transfer restrictions in our charter reduce
the risk that we may become a pension-held REIT.
56
Taxation of
Non-U.S. Holders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of
nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign
partnerships, and other holders of our securities that are not
U.S. persons (collectively,
non-U.S. holders)
are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules as
they apply to
non-U.S. holders
of our stock; a summary of such rules as they apply to
non-U.S. holders
of our debt securities is discussed below under
Holders of Debt Securities. We urge
non-U.S. holders
to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of
federal, state, and local income tax laws on ownership of our
stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. holder
that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain
from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests,
as defined below, and that we do not designate as a capital gain
dividend will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we
pay such distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings
and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount
of the distribution ordinarily will apply to such distribution
unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax.
However, if a distribution is treated as effectively connected
with the
non-U.S. holders
conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the
non-U.S. holder
generally will be subject to federal income tax on the
distribution at graduated rates, in the same manner as
U.S. holders are taxed with respect to such distributions.
A non-U.S. holder
that is a corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch
profits tax with respect to the distribution. We plan to
withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross
amount of any such distribution paid to a
non-U.S. holder
unless either:
|
|
|
|
|
a lower treaty rate applies and the
non-U.S. holder
files an IRS Form W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that
reduced rate with us; or |
|
|
|
the
non-U.S. holder
files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the
distribution is effectively connected income. |
A non-U.S. holder
will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current
and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of
such distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its
stock. Instead, the excess portion of such distribution will
reduce the adjusted basis of such stock. A
non-U.S. holder
will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds both our
current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted
basis of its stock, if the
non-U.S. holder
otherwise would be subject to tax on gain from the sale or
disposition of its stock, as described below. Because we
generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution
whether or not the distribution will exceed our current and
accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax
on the entire amount of any distribution at the same rate as we
would withhold on a dividend. However, a
non-U.S. holder
may obtain a refund of amounts that we withhold if we later
determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and
accumulated earnings and profits.
Unless we are a domestically-controlled REIT, as
defined below, we must withhold 10% of any distribution that
exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on
the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that we do
not do so, we may withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a
distribution not subject to withholding at a rate of 30%.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a
non-U.S. holder
may incur tax on distributions that are attributable to gain
from our sale or exchange of United States real property
interests under special provisions of the federal income
tax laws referred to as FIRPTA. The term
United States real property interests includes
certain interests in real property and stock in corporations at
least 50% of whose assets consists of interests in real
property. Under those rules, a
non-U.S. holder is
taxed on distributions attributable to gain from sales of United
States real property interests as if such gain were effectively
connected with a United States business of the
non-U.S. holder. A
non-U.S. holder
thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal capital
gains rates applicable to U.S. holders, subject to
applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative
minimum tax in the case of a nonresident alien individual. A
non-U.S. corporate
holder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be
subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution.
Except as described below with respect to regularly traded
stock, we must withhold 35% of any distribution that we could
designate as a capital gain dividend. A
non-U.S. holder
may receive a credit against
57
its tax liability for the amount we withhold. Any distribution
with respect to any class of stock which is regularly traded on
an established securities market located in the United States,
such as our stock, shall not be treated as gain recognized from
the sale or exchange of a United States real property interest
if the
non-U.S. holder
did not own more than 5% of such class of stock at any time
during the taxable year within which the distribution is
received. The distribution will be treated as an ordinary
dividend to the
non-U.S. holder
and taxed as an ordinary dividend that is not a capital gain. A
non-U.S. holder is
not required to file a U.S. federal income tax return by
reason of receiving such a distribution, and the branch profits
tax no longer applies to such a distribution. However, the
distribution will be subject to U.S. federal income tax
withholding as an ordinary dividend as described above.
On May 17, 2006, President Bush signed into law the Tax
Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
(TIPRA). TIPRA requires any distribution that is
made by a REIT that would otherwise be subject to FIRPTA because
the distribution is attributable to the disposition of a United
States real property interest to retain its character as FIRPTA
income when distributed to any regulated investment company or
other REIT, and to be treated as if it were from the disposition
of a United States real property interest by that regulated
investment company or other REIT. This provision of TIPRA
applies to distributions with respect to taxable years beginning
after December 31, 2005. A wash sale rule is
also included in TIPRA for transactions involving certain
dispositions of REIT stock to avoid FIRPTA tax on dispositions
of United States real property interests. These wash sale rules
are applicable to transactions occurring on or after the
thirtieth day following the date of enactment of TIPRA.
A non-U.S. holder
generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain
realized upon a disposition of our stock as long as we are a
domestically-controlled REIT. A
domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times
during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of its
shares are held directly or indirectly by
non-U.S. holders.
We cannot assure you that that test will be met. However, a
non-U.S. holder
that owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our stock
at all times during a specified testing period will not incur
tax under FIRPTA with respect to any such gain if the stock is
regularly traded on an established securities
market. To the extent that our stock will be regularly traded on
an established securities market, a
non-U.S. holder
will not incur tax under FIRPTA unless it owns more than 5% of
our stock. If the gain on the sale of the stock were taxed under
FIRPTA, a
non-U.S. holder
would be taxed in the same manner as U.S. holders with
respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum
tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of
nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a
non-U.S. holder
generally will incur tax on gain not subject to FIRPTA if
(1) the gain is effectively connected with the
non-U.S. holders
U.S. trade or business, in which case the
non-U.S. holder
will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with
respect to such gain, or (2) the
non-U.S. holder is
a nonresident alien individual who was present in the
U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and
has a tax home in the United States, in which case
the
non-U.S. holder
will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains.
Tax Aspects of Our Investments in the Partnerships
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax
considerations applicable to our direct or indirect investments
in the Partnerships. The discussion does not cover state or
local tax laws or any federal tax laws other than income tax
laws.
Classification as Partnerships. We are entitled to
include in our income our distributive share of each
Partnerships income and to deduct our distributive share
of each Partnerships losses only if such Partnership is
classified for federal income tax purposes as a partnership (or
an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if
the entity has only one owner or member), rather than as a
corporation or an association taxable as a corporation. An
organization with at least two owners or members will be
classified as a partnership, rather than as a corporation, for
federal income tax purposes if it:
|
|
|
|
|
is treated as a partnership under Treasury regulations,
effective January 1, 1997, relating to entity
classification (the
check-the-box
regulations); and |
|
|
|
is not a publicly traded partnership. |
58
Under the check-the-box
regulations, an unincorporated entity with at least two owners
or members may elect to be classified either as an association
taxable as a corporation or as a partnership. If such an entity
fails to make an election, it generally will be treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes. Each Partnership
intends to be classified as a partnership (or an entity that is
disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has
only one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes, and
no Partnership will elect to be treated as an association
taxable as a corporation under the
check-the-box
regulations.
A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose interests
are traded on an established securities market or are readily
tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent
thereof. A publicly traded partnership will not, however, be
treated as a corporation for any taxable year if 90% or more of
the partnerships gross income for such year consists of
certain passive-type income, including real property rents
(which includes rents that would be qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test, with certain
modifications that make it easier for the rents to qualify for
the 90% passive income exception), gains from the sale or other
disposition of real property, interest, and dividends (the
90% passive income exception).
Treasury regulations (the PTP regulations) provide
limited safe harbors from the definition of a publicly traded
partnership. Pursuant to one of those safe harbors (the
private placement exclusion), interests in a
partnership will not be treated as readily tradable on a
secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof if
(1) all interests in the partnership were issued in a
transaction or transactions that were not required to be
registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and
(2) the partnership does not have more than 100 partners at
any time during the partnerships taxable year. In
determining the number of partners in a partnership, a person
owning an interest in a partnership, grantor trust, or
S corporation that owns an interest in the partnership is
treated as a partner in such partnership only if
(1) substantially all of the value of the owners
interest in the entity is attributable to the entitys
direct or indirect interest in the partnership and (2) a
principal purpose of the use of the entity is to permit the
partnership to satisfy the 100-partner limitation. Each
Partnership qualifies for the private placement exclusion.
We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling
from the IRS that the Partnerships will be classified as
partnerships (or disregarded entities, if the entity has only
one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes. If for any
reason a Partnership were taxable as a corporation, rather than
as a partnership or a disregarded entity, for federal income tax
purposes, we likely would not be able to qualify as a REIT. See
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a
REIT Income Tests and Asset
Tests. In addition, any change in a Partnerships
status for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in
which case we might incur tax liability without any related cash
distribution. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our
Status as a REIT Distribution Requirements.
Further, items of income and deduction of such Partnership would
not pass through to its partners, and its partners would be
treated as stockholders for tax purposes. Consequently, such
Partnership would be required to pay income tax at corporate
rates on its net income, and distributions to its partners would
constitute dividends that would not be deductible in computing
such Partnerships taxable income.
Income Taxation of the Partnerships and Their Partners
Partners, Not the Partnerships, Subject to Tax. A
partnership is not a taxable entity for federal income tax
purposes. Rather, we are required to take into account our
allocable share of each Partnerships income, gains,
losses, deductions, and credits for any taxable year of such
Partnership ending within or with our taxable year, without
regard to whether we have received or will receive any
distribution from such Partnership.
Partnership Allocations. Although a partnership agreement
generally will determine the allocation of income and losses
among partners, such allocations will be disregarded for tax
purposes if they do not comply with the provisions of the
federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations. If an
allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes,
the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in
accordance with the partners interests in the partnership,
which will be determined by taking into account all of the facts
and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the
partners with respect to such item. Each Partnerships
allocations of taxable income, gain, and loss are intended to
comply with the requirements of the federal income tax laws
governing partnership allocations.
59
Tax Allocations With Respect to Contributed Properties.
Income, gain, loss, and deduction attributable to appreciated or
depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in
exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in
a manner such that the contributing partner is charged with, or
benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or unrealized
loss associated with the property at the time of the
contribution. The amount of such unrealized gain or unrealized
loss (built-in gain or built-in loss) is
generally equal to the difference between the fair market value
of the contributed property at the time of contribution and the
adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution
(a book-tax difference). Such allocations are solely
for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book
capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among
the partners. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued
regulations requiring partnerships to use a reasonable
method for allocating items with respect to which there is
a book-tax difference and outlining several reasonable
allocation methods.
Under our operating partnerships partnership agreement,
depreciation or amortization deductions of the operating
partnership generally will be allocated among the partners in
accordance with their respective interests in the operating
partnership, except to the extent that the operating partnership
is required under the federal income tax laws governing
partnership allocations to use a method for allocating tax
depreciation deductions attributable to contributed properties
that results in our receiving a disproportionate share of such
deductions. In addition, gain or loss on the sale of a property
that has been contributed, in whole or in part, to the operating
partnership will be specially allocated to the contributing
partners to the extent of any built-in gain or loss with respect
to such property for federal income tax purposes.
Basis in Partnership Interest. Our adjusted tax
basis in our partnership interest in the operating partnership
generally is equal to:
|
|
|
|
|
the amount of cash and the basis of any other property
contributed by us to the operating partnership; |
|
|
|
increased by our allocable share of the operating
partnerships income and our allocable share of
indebtedness of the operating partnership; and |
|
|
|
reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of the
operating partnerships loss and the amount of cash
distributed to us, and by constructive distributions resulting
from a reduction in our share of indebtedness of the operating
partnership. |
If the allocation of our distributive share of the operating
partnerships loss would reduce the adjusted tax basis of
our partnership interest in the operating partnership below
zero, the recognition of such loss will be deferred until such
time as the recognition of such loss would not reduce our
adjusted tax basis below zero. To the extent that the operating
partnerships distributions, or any decrease in our share
of the indebtedness of the operating partnership, which is
considered a constructive cash distribution to the partners,
reduce our adjusted tax basis below zero, such distributions
will constitute taxable income to us. Such distributions and
constructive distributions normally will be characterized as
long-term capital gain.
Depreciation Deductions Available to the Operating
Partnership. To the extent that the operating partnership
acquires its hotels in exchange for cash, its initial basis in
such hotels for federal income tax purposes generally was or
will be equal to the purchase price paid by the operating
partnership. The operating partnership depreciates such
depreciable hotel property under either the modified accelerated
cost recovery system of depreciation (MACRS) or the
alternative depreciation system of depreciation
(ADS). The operating partnership uses MACRS for
furnishings and equipment. Under MACRS, the operating
partnership generally depreciates such furnishings and equipment
over a seven-year recovery period using a 200% declining balance
method and a half-year convention. If, however, the operating
partnership places more than 40% of its furnishings and
equipment in service during the last three months of a taxable
year, a mid-quarter depreciation convention must be used for the
furnishings and equipment placed in service during that year.
The operating partnership uses ADS for buildings and
improvements. Under ADS, the operating partnership generally
depreciates such buildings and improvements over a
40-year recovery period
using a straight-line method and a mid-month convention.
To the extent that the operating partnership acquires hotels in
exchange for its units of limited partnership interest, its
initial basis in each hotel for federal income tax purposes
should be the same as the
60
transferors basis in that hotel on the date of
acquisition. Although the law is not entirely clear, the
operating partnership generally depreciates such depreciable
property for federal income tax purposes over the same remaining
useful lives and under the same methods used by the transferors.
The operating partnerships tax depreciation deductions are
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective
interests in the operating partnership, except to the extent
that the operating partnership is required under the federal
income tax laws to use a method for allocating depreciation
deductions attributable to the hotels or other contributed
properties that results in our receiving a disproportionately
large share of such deductions.
Sale of a Partnerships Property
Generally, any gain realized by us or a Partnership on the sale
of property held for more than one year will be long-term
capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is
treated as depreciation or cost recovery recapture. Any gain or
loss recognized by a Partnership on the disposition of
contributed properties will be allocated first to the partners
who contributed such properties to the extent of their built-in
gain or loss on those properties for federal income tax
purposes. The partners built-in gain or loss on such
contributed properties will equal the difference between the
partners proportionate share of the book value of those
properties and the partners tax basis allocable to those
properties at the time of the contribution. Any remaining gain
or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the
contributed properties, and any gain or loss recognized by the
Partnership on the disposition of the other properties, will be
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective
percentage interests in the Partnership.
Our share of any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of
any property held by the Partnership as inventory or other
property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of the Partnerships trade or business will be
treated as income from a prohibited transaction that is subject
to a 100% penalty tax. Such prohibited transaction income also
may have an adverse effect upon our ability to satisfy the
income tests for REIT status. See Federal Income Tax
Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Income
Tests. We, however, do not presently intend to acquire or
hold or to allow any Partnership to acquire or hold any property
that represents inventory or other property held primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of our or such
Partnerships trade or business.
Conversion of Preferred Stock
Conversion of Preferred Stock into Common Stock
In general, no gain or loss will be recognized for federal
income tax purposes upon conversion of the preferred stock
solely into shares of common stock. The basis that a stockholder
will have for tax purposes in the shares of common stock
received upon conversion will be equal to the adjusted basis for
the stockholder in the shares of preferred stock so converted,
and provided that the shares of preferred stock were held as a
capital asset, the holding period for the shares of common stock
received would include the holding period for the shares of
preferred stock converted. A stockholder will, however,
generally recognize gain or loss on the receipt of cash in lieu
of fractional shares of common stock in an amount equal to the
difference between the amount of cash received and the
stockholders adjusted basis for tax purposes in the
preferred stock for which cash was received. Furthermore, under
certain circumstances, a stockholder of shares of preferred
stock may recognize gain or dividend income to the extent that
there are dividends in arrears on the shares at the time of
conversion into common stock.
Adjustments to Conversion Price
Adjustments in the conversion price, or the failure to make such
adjustments, pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of the
preferred stock or otherwise, may result in constructive
distributions to the stockholders of preferred stock that could,
under certain circumstances, be taxable to them as dividends
pursuant to Section 305 of the Code. If such a constructive
distribution were to occur, a stockholder of preferred stock
could be required to recognize ordinary income for tax purposes
without receiving a corresponding distribution of cash.
61
Warrants
Upon the exercise of a warrant for common stock, a holder will
not recognize gain or loss and will have a tax basis in the
common stock received equal to the tax basis in such
stockholders warrant plus the exercise price of the
warrant. The holding period for the common stock purchased
pursuant to the exercise of a warrant will begin on the day
following the date of exercise and will not include the period
that the stockholder held the warrant.
Upon a sale or other disposition of a warrant, a holder will
recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the
difference between the amount realized and the holders tax
basis in the warrant. Such a gain or loss will be long term if
the holding period is more than one year. In the event that a
warrant lapses unexercised, a holder will recognize a capital
loss in an amount equal to his tax basis in the warrant. Such
loss will be long term if the warrant has been held for more
than one year.
Holders of Debt Securities
U.S. Holders
Payments of Interest. In general, except as described
below under Original Issue Discount,
interest on debt securities will be taxable to a
U.S. holder as ordinary income at the time it accrues or is
received, in accordance with the U.S. holders regular
method of accounting for United States federal income tax
purposes. In general, if the terms of a debt instrument entitle
a holder to receive payments other than qualified stated
interest (generally, stated interest that is
unconditionally payable in cash or in property (other than debt
instruments of the issuer) at least annually at a single fixed
or qualifying floating rate), such holder might be required to
recognize additional interest as original issue
discount over the term of the instrument.
Original Issue Discount. If you own debt securities
issued with original issue discount (OID), you will
be subject to special tax accounting rules, as described in
greater detail below. In that case, you should be aware that you
generally must include OID in gross income in advance of the
receipt of cash attributable to that income. However, you
generally will not be required to include separately in income
cash payments received on the debt securities, even if
denominated as interest, to the extent those payments do not
constitute qualified stated interest, as defined
below. If we determine that a particular debt security will be
an OID debt security, we will disclose that determination in the
prospectus supplement or supplements relating to those debt
securities.
A debt security with an issue price that is less
than the stated redemption price at maturity (the
sum of all payments to be made on the debt security other than
qualified stated interest) generally will be issued
with OID if that difference is at least 0.25% of the stated
redemption price at maturity multiplied by the number of
complete years to maturity. The issue price of each
debt security in a particular offering will be the first price
at which a substantial amount of that particular offering is
sold to the public. The term qualified stated
interest means stated interest that is unconditionally
payable in cash or in property, other than debt instruments of
the issuer, and the interest to be paid meets all of the
following conditions:
|
|
|
|
|
it is payable at least once per year; |
|
|
|
it is payable over the entire term of the debt security; and |
|
|
|
it is payable at a single fixed rate or, subject to certain
conditions, based on one or more interest indices. |
If we determine that particular debt securities of a series will
bear interest that is not qualified stated interest, we will
disclose that determination in the prospectus supplement or
supplements relating to those debt securities.
If you own a debt security issued with de minimis
OID, which is discount that is not OID because it is less than
0.25% of the stated redemption price at maturity multiplied by
the number of complete years to maturity, you generally must
include the de minimis OID in income at the time principal
payments on the
62
debt securities are made in proportion to the amount paid. Any
amount of de minimis OID that you have included in income will
be treated as capital gain.
Certain of the debt securities may contain provisions permitting
them to be redeemed prior to their stated maturity at our option
and/or at your option. OID debt securities containing those
features may be subject to rules that differ from the general
rules discussed herein. If you are considering the purchase of
OID debt securities with those features, you should carefully
examine the applicable prospectus supplement or supplements and
should consult your own tax advisors with respect to those
features since the tax consequences to you with respect to OID
will depend, in part, on the particular terms and features of
the debt securities.
If you own OID debt securities with a maturity upon issuance of
more than one year you generally must include OID in income in
advance of the receipt of some or all of the related cash
payments using the constant yield method described
in the following paragraphs. This method takes into account the
compounding of interest.
The amount of OID that you must include in income if you are the
initial U.S. holder of an OID debt security is the sum of
the daily portions of OID with respect to the debt
security for each day during the taxable year or portion of the
taxable year in which you held that debt security (accrued
OID). The daily portion is determined by allocating to
each day in any accrual period a pro rata portion of
the OID allocable to that accrual period. The accrual
period for an OID debt security may be of any length and
may vary in length over the term of the debt security, provided
that each accrual period is no longer than one year and each
scheduled payment of principal or interest occurs on the first
day or the final day of an accrual period. The amount of OID
allocable to any accrual period is an amount equal to the
excess, if any, of:
|
|
|
|
|
the debt securitys adjusted issue price at the
beginning of the accrual period multiplied by its yield to
maturity, determined on the basis of compounding at the close of
each accrual period and properly adjusted for the length of the
accrual period, over |
|
|
|
the aggregate of all qualified stated interest allocable to the
accrual period. |
OID allocable to a final accrual period is the difference
between the amount payable at maturity, other than a payment of
qualified stated interest, and the adjusted issue price at the
beginning of the final accrual period. Special rules will apply
for calculating OID for an initial short accrual period. The
adjusted issue price of a debt security at the
beginning of any accrual period is equal to its issue price
increased by the accrued OID for each prior accrual period,
determined without regard to the amortization of any acquisition
or bond premium, as described below, and reduced by any payments
made on the debt security (other than qualified stated interest)
on or before the first day of the accrual period. Under these
rules, you will generally have to include in income increasingly
greater amounts of OID in successive accrual periods. We are
required to provide information returns stating the amount of
OID accrued on debt securities held of record by persons other
than corporations and other exempt holders.
Floating rate debt securities are subject to special OID rules.
In the case of an OID debt security that is a floating rate debt
security, both the yield to maturity and
qualified stated interest will be determined solely
for purposes of calculating the accrual of OID as though the
debt security will bear interest in all periods at a fixed rate
generally equal to the rate that would be applicable to interest
payments on the debt security on its date of issue or, in the
case of certain floating rate debt securities, the rate that
reflects the yield to maturity that is reasonably expected for
the debt security. Additional rules may apply if either:
|
|
|
|
|
the interest on a floating rate debt security is based on more
than one interest index; or |
|
|
|
the principal amount of the debt security is indexed in any
manner. |
This discussion does not address the tax rules applicable to
debt securities with an indexed principal amount. If you are
considering the purchase of floating rate OID debt securities or
securities with indexed principal amounts, you should carefully
examine the prospectus supplement or supplements relating to
those debt securities, and should consult your own tax advisors
regarding the United States federal income tax consequences to
you of holding and disposing of those debt securities.
63
You may elect to treat all interest on any debt securities as
OID and calculate the amount includible in gross income under
the constant yield method described above. For purposes of this
election, interest includes stated interest, acquisition
discount, OID, de minimis OID, market discount, de minimis
market discount and unstated interest, as adjusted by any
amortizable bond premium or acquisition premium. You must make
this election for the taxable year in which you acquired the
debt security, and you may not revoke the election without the
consent of the IRS. You should consult with your own tax
advisors about this election.
Market Discount. If you purchase a debt security for less
than the stated redemption price of the debt security at
maturity, if the debt security was issued without OID, or the
adjusted issue price, if the debt security was issued with OID,
the difference is considered market discount to the extent it
exceeds a specified de minimis exception. Under the de minimis
exception, market discount is treated as zero if the market
discount is less than 1/4 of one percent of the stated
redemption price of the debt security multiplied by the number
of complete years to maturity from the date acquired. If you
acquire a debt security at a market discount, you will be
required to treat as ordinary income any partial principal
payment or gain recognized on the disposition of that debt
security to the extent of the market discount which has not
previously been included in your income and is treated as having
accrued at the time of the payment or disposition. In addition,
you may be required to defer the deduction of a portion of the
interest on any indebtedness incurred or maintained to purchase
or carry the debt security until the debt security is disposed
of in a taxable transaction, unless you elect to include market
discount in income as it accrues.
Any market discount will be considered to accrue ratably during
the period from the date of acquisition to the maturity date of
the debt security, unless you elect to accrue on a constant
interest method. You may elect to include market discount in
income currently as it accrues on either a ratable or constant
interest method, in which case the rule described above
regarding deferral of interest deductions will not apply. This
election to include market discount in income currently, once
made, applies to all market discount obligations acquired on or
after the first taxable year to which the election applies and
may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS.
Amortizable Premium. If you purchase a debt security for
an amount in excess of the sum of all amounts payable on the
debt security after the purchase date other than qualified
stated interest, you will be considered to have purchased the
debt security with amortizable bond premium equal to the amount
of that excess. You generally may elect to amortize the premium
using a constant yield method over the remaining term of the
debt security. The amount amortized in any year will be treated
as a reduction of your interest income from the debt security.
If you do not elect to amortize bond premium, that premium will
decrease the gain or increase the loss you would otherwise
recognize on disposition of the debt security. This election to
amortize premium on a constant yield method will also apply to
all debt obligations you hold or subsequently acquire on or
after the first taxable year to which the election applies and
may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS.
Sale, Exchange and Retirement of Debt Securities. Your
tax basis in the debt securities that you beneficially own will,
in general, be your cost for those debt securities increased by
OID and market discount that you previously included in income,
and reduced by any amortized premium and any cash payments
received with respect to that debt security other than payments
of qualified stated interest.
Upon your sale, exchange, retirement or other taxable
disposition of the debt securities, you will recognize gain or
loss equal to the difference between the amount you realize upon
the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition (less an
amount equal to any accrued stated interest that will be treated
as a payment of interest for U.S. federal income tax
purposes if not previously taken into income) and your adjusted
tax basis in the debt securities. Except as described above with
respect to market discount with respect to gain or loss
attributable to changes in exchange rates as described below
with respect to foreign currency debt securities, that gain or
loss will be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of individuals
derived in respect of capital assets held for more than one year
are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of
capital losses is subject to limitations.
Extendible Debt Securities, Renewable Debt Securities and
Reset Debt Securities. If so specified in the prospectus
supplement or supplements relating to the debt securities of a
series, we or you may have the option
64
to extend the maturity of those debt securities. In addition, we
may have the option to reset the interest rate, the spread or
the spread multiplier.
The United States federal income tax treatment of a debt
security with respect to which such an option has been exercised
is unclear and will depend, in part, on the terms established
for such debt securities by us pursuant to the exercise of the
option. You may be treated for federal income tax purposes as
having exchanged your debt securities for new debt securities
with revised terms. If this is the case, you would realize gain
or loss equal to the difference between the issue price of the
new debt securities and your tax basis in the old debt
securities.
If the exercise of the option is not treated as an exchange of
old debt securities for new debt securities, you will not
recognize gain or loss as a result of such exchange.
The presence of such options may also affect the calculation of
OID, among other things. Solely for purposes of the accrual of
OID, if we issue debt securities and have an option or
combination of options to extend the term of those debt
securities, we will be presumed to exercise such option or
options in a manner that minimizes the yield on those debt
securities. Conversely, if you are treated as having a put
option, such an option will be presumed to be exercised in a
manner that maximizes the yield on those debt securities. If we
exercise such option or options to extend the term of those debt
securities, or your option to put does not occur (contrary to
the assumptions made), then solely for purposes of the accrual
of OID, those debt securities will be treated as reissued on the
date of the change in circumstances for an amount equal to their
adjusted issue price on the date.
You should carefully examine the prospectus supplement or
supplements relating to any such debt securities, and should
consult your own tax advisor regarding the United States federal
income tax consequences of the holding and disposition of such
debt securities.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. In general,
information reporting requirements will apply to certain
payments of principal, premium, if any, redemption price, if
any, OID, if any, interest and other amounts paid to you on the
debt securities and to the proceeds of sales of the debt
securities made to you unless you are an exempt recipient (such
as a corporation). A backup withholding tax may apply to such
payments if you fail to provide a correct taxpayer
identification number or certification of exempt status or fail
to report in full dividend and interest income.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be
allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal
income tax liability provided the required information is timely
furnished to the IRS.
Non-U.S. Holders
The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal
income and estate tax consequences that generally will apply to
you if you are a
non-U.S. holder of
debt securities.
U.S. Federal Withholding Tax. The 30%
U.S. federal withholding tax will not apply to any payment
of principal of and, under the portfolio interest
rule, interest, including OID, on the debt securities, provided
that:
|
|
|
|
|
you do not actually or constructively own 10% or more of the
total combined voting power of all classes of our voting stock
within the meaning of Section 871(h)(3) of the Code and
related U.S. Treasury regulations; |
|
|
|
you are not a controlled foreign corporation that is related to
us through stock ownership; |
|
|
|
you are not a bank whose receipt of interest on the debt
securities is described in Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code; |
|
|
|
the interest is not considered contingent interest under
Section 871(h)(4)(A) of the Code and the related
U.S. Treasury regulations; and |
65
|
|
|
|
|
you provide your name and address on an IRS Form W-8BEN (or
successor form), and certify, under penalty of perjury, that you
are not a U.S. person or (2) you hold your debt
securities through certain foreign intermediaries, and you
satisfy the certification requirements of applicable
U.S. Treasury regulations. Special certification rules
apply to certain
non-U.S. holders
that are entities rather than individuals. |
If you cannot satisfy the requirements described above, payments
of premium, if any, and interest, including OID, made to you
will be subject to the 30% U.S. federal withholding tax
(which will be deducted from such interest payments by the
paying agent), unless you provide us with a properly executed:
|
|
|
|
|
IRS Form W-8BEN (or successor form) claiming an exemption
from or reduction in the rate of withholding under the benefit
of an applicable tax treaty; or |
|
|
|
IRS Form W-8ECI (or successor form) stating that interest
paid on the debt securities is not subject to withholding tax
because it is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade
or business in the United States as discussed below. |
Special certification rules apply to
non-U.S. holders
that are pass-through entities rather than corporations or
individuals. The 30% U.S. federal withholding tax generally
will not apply to any payment of principal that you realize on
the sale, exchange, retirement or other taxable disposition of
any of the debt securities.
U.S. Federal Income Tax. If you are engaged in a
trade or business in the United States and premium, if any, and
interest, including OID, on the debt securities is effectively
connected with the conduct of that trade or business, you will
be subject to U.S. federal income tax on that premium, if
any, and interest, including OID, on a net income basis
(although you will be exempt from the 30% withholding tax,
provided the certification requirements discussed above are
satisfied) in the same manner as if you were a U.S. person.
In addition, if you are a foreign corporation, you may be
subject to a branch profits tax equal to 30% (or lower
applicable treaty rate) of your earnings and profits for the
taxable year, subject to adjustments, that are effectively
connected with the conduct by you of a trade or business in the
United States. For this purpose, premium, if any, and interest,
including OID, on debt securities will be included in your
earnings and profits.
Any gain realized on the disposition of debt securities
generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax
unless:
|
|
|
|
|
that gain is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade
or business in the United States and, if required by an
applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a
U.S. permanent establishment; or |
|
|
|
you are an individual who is present in the United States for
183 days or more in the taxable year of that disposition
and certain other conditions are met. |
U.S. Federal Estate Tax. Your estate will not be
subject to U.S. federal estate tax on the debt securities
beneficially owned by you at the time of your death, provided
that any payment to you on the debt securities, including OID,
would be eligible for exemption from the 30% U.S. federal
withholding tax under the portfolio interest rule
described above under U.S. Federal
Withholding Tax, without regard to the certification
requirement described in the fifth bullet point of that section.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. Generally,
we must report to the IRS and to you the amount of interest,
including OID, on the debt securities paid to you and the amount
of tax, if any, withheld with respect to such payments. Copies
of the information returns reporting such interest payments and
any withholding may also be made available to the tax
authorities in the country in which you reside under the
provisions of an applicable income tax treaty.
In general, backup withholding will not apply to payments that
we make or any of our paying agents (in its capacity as such)
makes to you if you have provided the required certification
that you are a
non-U.S. holder as
described above and provided that neither we nor any of our
paying agents has actual knowledge or reason to know that you
are a U.S. holder (as described above).
In addition, you will not be subject to backup withholding and
information reporting with respect to the proceeds of the sale
of debt securities within the United States or conducted through
certain U.S.-related
66
financial intermediaries, if the payor receives the statement
described above and does not have actual knowledge or reason to
know that you are a U.S. person, as defined under the Code,
or you otherwise establish an exemption.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be
allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal
income tax liability provided the required information is timely
furnished to the IRS.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
As described above, we own 100% of the stock of two TRSs,
Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation. A
TRS is a fully taxable corporation for which a TRS election is
properly made. A TRS may lease hotels from us under certain
circumstances, provide services to our tenants, and perform
activities unrelated to our tenants, such as third-party
management, development, and other independent business
activities. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly
owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock
will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than
20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one
or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our assets
may consist of the securities of TRSs and other assets that are
not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any
hotels or health care facilities or provide rights to any brand
name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated.
However, rents received by us from a TRS pursuant to a hotel
lease will qualify as rents from real property as
long as the hotel is operated on behalf of the TRS by a person
who satisfies the following requirements:
|
|
|
|
|
such person is, or is related to a person who is, actively
engaged in the trade or business of operating qualified
lodging facilities for any person unrelated to us and the
TRS; |
|
|
|
such person does not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35%
of our stock; |
|
|
|
no more than 35% of such person is owned, directly or
indirectly, by one or more persons owning 35% or more of our
stock; and |
|
|
|
we do not directly or indirectly derive any income from such
person. |
A qualified lodging facility is a hotel, motel, or
other establishment more than one-half of the dwelling units in
which are used on a transient basis, unless wagering activities
are conducted at or in connection with such facility by any
person who is engaged in the business of accepting wagers and
who is legally authorized to engage in such business at or in
connection with such facility. A qualified lodging
facility includes customary amenities and facilities
operated as part of, or associated with, the lodging facility as
long as such amenities and facilities are customary for other
properties of a comparable size and class owned by other
unrelated owners.
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or
accrued by a TRS to us to assure that the TRS is subject to an
appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules
impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or
our tenants that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
We have formed and made a timely election with respect to
Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation,
which lease each of our properties not owned by a TRS.
Additionally, we may form or acquire additional TRSs in the
future.
State and Local Taxes
We and/or you may be subject to state and local tax in various
states and localities, including those states and localities in
which we or you transact business, own property, or reside. The
state and local tax treatment in such jurisdictions may differ
from the federal income tax treatment described above.
Consequently, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding
the effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our
securities.
67
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell our securities domestically or abroad, through
underwriters, dealers or agents, or directly, or through any
combination of those methods. The applicable prospectus
supplement will describe the terms of the offering that it
applies to, including the names of any underwriters, dealers or
agents, the purchase price for our securities, and the proceeds
we expect to receive. It will also include any delayed delivery
arrangements, any underwriting discounts and other items
constituting underwriters compensation, the initial public
offering price, any discounts or concessions allowed or
re-allowed or paid to dealers, and a list of any securities
exchanges on which the securities offered may be listed.
If we use underwriters in any sale, our securities will be
purchased by the underwriters or dealers for their own account
and may be resold from time to time in one or more transactions,
including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering
price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. Our
securities may be offered to the public either through
underwriting syndicates represented by one or more managing
underwriters or directly by one or more firms acting as
underwriters. The underwriters with respect to a particular
underwritten offering will be named in the applicable prospectus
supplement relating to that offering. If an underwriting
syndicate is used, the managing underwriter or underwriters will
be disclosed on the cover of the applicable prospectus
supplement. Generally, the obligations of the underwriters or
agents to purchase the securities that we offer will be subject
to conditions precedent, and the underwriters will have to
purchase all of the offered securities if any are purchased. The
initial public offering price and any discounts or concessions
allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers may be changed from
time to time. In no event will the maximum commission or
discount to be received by any NASD member or independent
broker-dealer exceed 8% for the sale of the securities
registered hereunder.
If we use dealers to sell our securities, we will sell our
securities to the dealers as principals. The dealers may then
resell our securities to the public at varying prices that they
determine at the time of resale. We will disclose the names of
the dealers and the terms of the transaction in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
We may sell the securities through agents that we designate from
time to time at fixed prices that may be changed, or at varying
prices determined at the time of sale. We will name any agent
involved in the offer or sale of our securities and specify any
commissions that we will pay them. Unless otherwise specified in
the applicable prospectus supplement, any agent will be acting
on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment.
Underwriters or agents may be paid by us or by purchasers of our
securities for whom they act as agents in the form of discounts,
concessions or commissions. Underwriters, agents and dealers
participating in the distribution of our securities may all be
deemed to be underwriters, and any discounts or commissions that
they receive, as well as profit they receive on the resale of
our securities, may be deemed to be underwriting discounts or
commissions under the Securities Act of 1933.
A prospectus supplement may indicate that we will authorize
agents, underwriters or dealers to solicit from specified types
of institutions offers to purchase our securities at the public
offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant
to delayed delivery contracts permitting payment and delivery on
a specified future date. The prospectus supplement will describe
conditions of any delayed delivery contracts, as well as the
commission we will pay for solicitation of these contracts.
Some or all of the securities that we offer though this
prospectus may be new issues of securities with no established
trading market. Any underwriters to whom we sell our securities
for public offering and sale may make a market in those
securities, but they will not be obligated to and they may
discontinue any market making at any time without notice.
Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the liquidity of, or
continued trading markets for, any securities that we offer.
In order to facilitate the offering of our securities, any
underwriters or agents involved in the offering may engage in
transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the
price of our securities, or other securities that affect
payments on our securities. Specifically, the underwriters or
agents may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a
short position for their own account. In addition, to cover
overallotments or to stabilize the price of our securities, or
other securities that affect payments on our securities, the
underwriters
68
or agents may bid for and purchase the securities in the open
market. In any offering of our securities through a syndicate of
underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling
concessions allowed to an underwriter or dealer for distributing
our securities if the syndicate repurchases previously
distributed securities in transactions to cover syndicate short
positions, in stabilizing transactions or otherwise. Any of
these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of
our securities above independent market levels. The underwriters
or agents are not required to engage in these activities, and
may end any of these activities at any time.
Agents, dealers and underwriters may be entitled to be
indemnified by us against specified civil liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, or to contribution
with respect to payments that they may be required to make.
Any underwriters, dealers or agents that we use, as well as
their affiliates, may engage in transactions with us or perform
services for us in the ordinary course of business.
EXPERTS
The consolidated and combined financial statements of Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the predecessor appearing in Ashford
Hospitality Trust, Inc.s Annual Report
(Form 10-K) for
the year ended December 31, 2005 (including schedules
appearing therein), and Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
managements assessment of the effectiveness of internal
control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005
included therein, have been audited by Ernst & Young
LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth
in their reports thereon, included therein, and incorporated
herein by reference. Such financial statements and
managements assessment are incorporated herein by
reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority
of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined historical summaries of revenue and direct
operating expenses of Historic Inns in Annapolis, Maryland,
Holiday Inn in Coral Gables, Florida, Inn on the Square,
Falmouth, Massachusetts, Ramada Regency Inn, Hyannis,
Massachusetts, Crowne Plaza in Key West, Florida, Sheraton in
Minnetonka, Minnesota, Radisson in Rockland, Massachusetts, Gull
Wing Suites, South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, Ramada Inn, Warner
Robins, Georgia, Best Western, Dallas, Texas, Radisson in
Ft. Worth, Texas, Crowne Plaza in Los Angeles, California,
Radisson Airport in Indianapolis, Indiana, Radisson City Center
in Indianapolis, Indiana, Radisson in Milford, Massachusetts,
Embassy Suites in Houston, Texas, Nassau Bay Hilton in Nassau
Bay, Texas, Hilton in St. Petersburg, Florida and Embassy Suites
and Admiralty Office Building in Palm Beach, Florida, Howard
Johnson in Commack, New York and Howard Johnson in Westbury, New
York incorporated by reference into this prospectus, have been
audited by Berdon LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in
their report, which is also incorporated by reference into this
prospectus, and are included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and
auditing.
The balance sheets of RST4 Tenant, LLC as of August 6,
2004, January 2, 2004 and January 3, 2003, and the
related statements of operations, cash flows and members
capital for the period January 3, 2004 through
August 6, 2004 and the fiscal years ended January 2,
2004 and January 3, 2003, incorporated by reference into
this prospectus, have been audited by Ernst & Young
LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth
in their report, which is also incorporated by reference into
this prospectus, and is included in reliance upon such report
given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and
auditing.
The audited historical financial statements of Crystal City
Courtyard by Marriott, the CNL Hotels and the RFS Hotels
included in our Current Report on
Form 8-K/ A, filed
on August 30, 2005, have been incorporated by reference
into the prospectus in reliance on the reports of
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent certified public
accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in
auditing and accounting which reports are also incorporated by
reference into this prospectus.
The combined financial statements of Marriott at Research
Triangle Park as of December 30, 2005, and for the fiscal
year then ended, have been incorporated by reference into this
prospectus and in the registration
69
statement in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, independent
accountants, incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and
upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and
auditing.
The consolidated balance sheets of W2001 Pac Realty Mezzanine,
L.L.C., as of December 31, 2004 and 2003 and the related
consolidated statements of operations, members capital and
cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2004 and for the
period from August 1, 2003 (inception) through
December 31, 2003, incorporated by reference into this
prospectus, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP,
independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in
their report, which is also incorporated by reference into this
prospectus, and is included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and
auditing.
The audited historical financial statements of W2001 Pac Realty
Mezzanine, L.L.C., included in our Current Report on
Form 8-K/ A, filed
on June 30, 2006, have been incorporated by reference into
the prospectus in reliance on the reports of
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent certified public
accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in
auditing and accounting which reports are also incorporated by
reference into this prospectus.
The audited balance sheets of Crystal Gateway Marriott as of
December 30, 2005 and December 31, 2004, and the
related statements of operations, changes in owners
deficit and cash flows for the years ended December 30,
2005, December 31, 2004 and January 2, 2004, included
in our Current Report on
Form 8-K, filed on
July 12, 2006, have been incorporated by reference into
this prospectus in reliance on the reports of Beers &
Cutler PLLC, independent certified public accountants, given on
the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and
accounting, which reports are also incorporated by reference
into this prospectus.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be
passed upon for us by Andrews Kurth LLP, Dallas, Texas. In
addition, the description of federal income tax consequences
contained in the section of the prospectus entitled
Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a
REIT is based on the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP. Certain
legal matters related to the offering will be passed upon for
the underwriters by DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP. Certain
Maryland law matters in connection with this offering will be
passed upon for us by Hogan & Hartson L.L.P.,
Baltimore, Maryland. Andrews Kurth LLP and DLA Piper Rudnick
Gray Cary US LLP will rely on the opinion of Hogan &
Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore, Maryland as to all matters of
Maryland law. The wife of Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief
Financial Officer, is a partner at Andrews Kurth.
70