Edgar Filing: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10 - Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2017

1-2360

(Commission file number)

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York		13-0871985
(State of incorporation)		(IRS employer identification number)

Armonk, New York		10504
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

914-499-1900

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section l3 or l5(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x		Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
		Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The registrant had 939,496,884 shares of common stock outstanding at March 31, 2017.

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Index

	Page
Part I - Financial Information:

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):

Consolidated Statement of Earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016	3

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016	4

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016	5

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016	7

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016	8

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition	40

Item 4. Controls and Procedures	69

Part II - Other Information:

Item 1. Legal Proceedings	69

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities	69

Item 6. Exhibits	70

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Part I - Financial Information

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions except per share amounts)	2017			2016
Revenue:
Services	$	12,342		$	12,391
Sales	5,404			5,879
Financing	409			414
Total revenue	18,155			18,684
Cost:
Services	8,553			8,382
Sales	1,551			1,378
Financing	279			238
Total cost	10,383			9,999
Gross profit	7,772			8,686
Expense and other (income):
Selling, general and administrative	5,152			6,012
Research, development and engineering	1,533			1,458
Intellectual property and custom development income	(445		)	(217		)
Other (income) and expense	(28		)	253
Interest expense	135			147
Total expense and other (income)	6,348			7,652
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	1,424			1,034
Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes	(329		)	(983		)
Income from continuing operations	$	1,753		$	2,016
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(3		)	(3		)
Net income	$	1,750		$	2,014

Earnings/(loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming dilution:
Continuing operations	$	1.85		$	2.09
Discontinued operations	0.00			0.00
Total	$	1.85		$	2.09
Basic:
Continuing operations	$	1.86		$	2.09
Discontinued operations	0.00			0.00
Total	$	1.86		$	2.09

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: (millions)
Assuming dilution	947.8			964.4
Basic	942.4			961.7

Cash dividend per common share	$	1.40		$	1.30

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2017			2016
Net income	$	1,750		$	2,014
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	161			239
Net changes related to available-for-sale securities:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	(1		)	(36		)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to net income	1			37
Total net changes related to available-for-sale securities	0			1
Unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	(33		)	(265		)
Reclassification of (gains)/losses to net income	(98		)	(91		)
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges	(130		)	(356		)
Retirement-related benefit plans:
Prior service costs/(credits)	0			—
Net (losses)/gains arising during the period	61			(147		)
Curtailments and settlements	(1		)	5
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs	(21		)	(25		)
Amortization of net (gains)/losses	710			690
Total retirement-related benefit plans	748			522
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax	779			406
Income tax (expense)/benefit related to items of other comprehensive income	(92		)	202
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	688			608
Total comprehensive income/(loss)	$	2,438		$	2,622

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(UNAUDITED)

ASSETS

	At March 31,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2017		2016
Assets:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,096	$	7,826
Marketable securities	599		701
Notes and accounts receivable - trade (net of allowances of $302 in 2017 and $290 in 2016)	8,377		9,182
Short-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $351 in 2017 and $337 in 2016)	16,362		19,006
Other accounts receivable (net of allowances of $38 in 2017 and $48 in 2016)	1,130		1,057
Inventories, at lower of average cost or market:
Finished goods	423		358
Work in process and raw materials	1,186		1,195
Total inventories	1,609		1,553
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,715		4,564
Total current assets	42,889		43,888
Property, plant and equipment	30,681		30,133
Less: Accumulated depreciation	19,816		19,303
Property, plant and equipment — net	10,865		10,830
Long-term financing receivables (net of allowances of $99 in 2017 and $101 in 2016)	8,502		9,021
Prepaid pension assets	3,491		3,034
Deferred taxes	6,457		5,224
Goodwill	36,307		36,199
Intangible assets — net	4,436		4,688
Investments and sundry assets	4,549		4,585
Total assets	$	117,495	$	117,470

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION — (CONTINUED)

(UNAUDITED)

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

	At March 31,			At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2017			2016
Liabilities:
Current liabilities:
Taxes	$	2,747		$	3,235
Short-term debt	8,340			7,513
Accounts payable	5,324			6,209
Compensation and benefits	3,197			3,577
Deferred income	12,351			11,035
Other accrued expenses and liabilities	4,522			4,705
Total current liabilities	36,481			36,275
Long-term debt	34,441			34,655
Retirement and nonpension postretirement benefit obligations	16,967			17,070
Deferred income	3,557			3,600
Other liabilities	7,601			7,477
Total liabilities	99,047			99,078
Equity:
IBM stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, and additional paid-in capital	54,104			53,935
Shares authorized: 4,687,500,000
Shares issued: 2017 - 2,226,175,975
2016 - 2,225,116,815
Retained earnings	153,292			152,759
Treasury stock - at cost	(160,359		)	(159,050		)
Shares: 2017 - 1,286,679,091
2016 - 1,279,249,412
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	(28,710		)	(29,398		)
Total IBM stockholders’ equity	18,327			18,246
Noncontrolling interests	121			146
Total equity	18,448			18,392
Total liabilities and equity	$	117,495		$	117,470

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	1,750		$	2,014
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation	709			677
Amortization of intangibles	390			347
Stock-based compensation	129			133
Net (gain)/loss on asset sales and other	13			172
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions/divestitures	964			2,187		* **
Net cash provided by operating activities	3,955			5,530		* **

Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for property, plant and equipment	(740		)	(956		)
Proceeds from disposition of property, plant and equipment	58			129
Investment in software	(137		)	(144		)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(109		)	(2,590		)
Divestitures of businesses, net of cash transferred	(1		)	47
Non-operating finance receivables — net	1,570			1,500		*
Purchases of marketable securities and other investments	(1,273		)	(1,041		)
Proceeds from disposition of marketable securities and other investments	981			1,169
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities	350			(1,886		)*

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from new debt	2,887			8,085
Payments to settle debt	(1,531		)	(2,211		)
Short-term borrowings/(repayments) less than 90 days — net	(880		)	(910		)
Common stock repurchases	(1,293		)	(939		)
Common stock repurchases for tax withholdings	(50		)	(27		)**
Common stock transactions — other	54			59
Cash dividends paid	(1,321		)	(1,250		)
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities	(2,134		)	2,806		**

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	100			217
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	2,270			6,668

Cash and cash equivalents at January 1	7,826			7,686
Cash and cash equivalents at March 31	$	10,096		$	14,354

* Revised classification of certain financing receivables.

** Reclassified to reflect adoption of the FASB guidance on share-based compensation.

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

	Common
	Stock and								Accumulated
	Additional								Other			Total IBM			Non-
	Paid-in		Retained			Treasury			Comprehensive			Stockholders’			Controlling			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Capital		Earnings			Stock			Income/(Loss)			Equity			Interests			Equity
Equity - January 1, 2017	$	53,935	$	152,759		$	(159,050	)	$	(29,398	)	$	18,246		$	146		$	18,392
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle *			102									102						102

Net income			1,750									1,750						1,750
Other comprehensive income/(loss)									688			688						688
Total comprehensive income/(loss)												$	2,438					$	2,438
Cash dividends paid — common stock			(1,321		)							(1,321		)				(1,321		)
Common stock issued under employee plans (1,059,160 shares)	169											169						169
Purchases (289,364 shares) and sales (43,179 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net			1			(45		)				(44		)				(44		)
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (7,183,494 shares)						(1,264		)				(1,264		)				(1,264		)
Changes in noncontrolling interests															(25		)	(25		)
Equity - March 31, 2017	$	54,104	$	153,292		$	(160,359	)	$	(28,710	)	$	18,327		$	121		$	18,448

	Common
	Stock and									Accumulated
	Additional									Other			Total IBM			Non-
	Paid-in			Retained			Treasury			Comprehensive			Stockholders’			Controlling			Total
(Dollars in millions)	Capital			Earnings			Stock			Income/(Loss)			Equity			Interests			Equity
Equity - January 1, 2016	$	53,262		$	146,124		$	(155,518	)	$	(29,607	)	$	14,262		$	162		$	14,424

Net income				2,014									2,014						2,014
Other comprehensive income/(loss)										608			608						608
Total comprehensive income/(loss)													$	2,622					$	2,622
Cash dividends paid — common stock				(1,250		)							(1,250		)				(1,250		)
Common stock issued under employee plans (1,049,083 shares)	185												185						185
Purchases (216,803 shares) and sales (40,129 shares) of treasury stock under employee plans — net				0			(22		)				(22		)				(22		)
Other treasury shares purchased, not retired (6,639,282 shares)							(863		)				(863		)				(863		)
Changes in other equity	(9		)										(9		)				(9		)
Changes in noncontrolling interests																(14		)	(14		)
Equity - March 31, 2016	$	53,439		$	146,888		$	(156,404	)	$	(28,998	)	$	14,925		$	147		$	15,072

* Reflects the adoption of the FASB guidance on intra-entity transfers of assets.

(Amounts may not add due to rounding.)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.)

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:

1. Basis of Presentation: The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The financial statements and footnotes are unaudited. In the opinion of the company’s management, these statements include all adjustments, which are only of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present a fair statement of the company’s results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs, expenses and other comprehensive income/(loss) that are reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, historical experience, actions that the company may undertake in the future and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. As a result, actual results may be different from these estimates. Refer to the company’s 2016 Annual Report on pages 71 to 74, for a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates.

The company revised the classification of certain financing receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2016, decreasing net cash provided by operating activities and net cash used in investing activities in the amount of $142 million, which the company concluded to be immaterial to the period presented. The twelve-month revision for the period ended December 31, 2016 was provided in the company’s 2016 Annual Report on page 26. There was no impact to total GAAP cash flows or free cash flow.

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, the company’s benefit from income taxes was $329 million, and its effective tax rate was (23.1) percent. This was primarily driven by a discrete tax benefit of $582 million from a first-quarter 2017 transaction accounted for under the new Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance related to intra-entity transfers of assets. This benefit was partially offset by a discrete tax charge related to foreign audit activity of $99 million. In the first quarter of 2016, the company reported a benefit from income taxes of $983 million, and its effective tax rate was (95.1) percent, primarily driven by the resolution of a long-standing Japan tax matter in February 2016. Refer to note 2, “Accounting Changes,” and the Taxes section of the Management Discussion for additional information.

Noncontrolling interest amounts of $3.6 million and $1.3 million, net of tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are included as a reduction within other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of financial results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the company’s 2016 Annual Report.

Within the financial statements and tables presented, certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. This is annotated where applicable.

2. Accounting Changes:

New Standards to be Implemented

In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance that impacts the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs. Under the guidance, the service cost component of net benefit cost will continue to be presented in the same line items as other employee compensation costs, unless eligible for capitalization in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The other components of net benefit costs will be presented separately from service cost as non-operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings or Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The guidance is effective January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The company will adopt the guidance as of the effective date. The guidance is primarily a change in financial statement presentation and is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance for credit impairment based on an expected loss model rather than an incurred loss model. The guidance requires the consideration of all available relevant information when estimating expected credit losses, including past events, current conditions and forecasts and their implications for expected credit losses. The guidance is effective January 1, 2020 with a one year early adoption permitted. The company is evaluating the impact of the new guidance.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which changes the accounting for leases. The guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for most leases in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The guidance makes some changes to lessor accounting, including the elimination of the use of third-party residual value guarantee insurance in the capital lease test, and overall aligns with the new revenue recognition guidance. The guidance also requires qualitative and quantitative disclosures to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The guidance is effective January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The company will adopt the guidance as of the effective date. A cross-functional implementation team has been established which is evaluating the lease portfolio, system, process and policy change requirements. The company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial results and expects it will have a material impact on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The company’s operating lease commitments were $6.9 billion at December 31, 2016. In 2016, the use of third-party residual value guarantee insurance resulted in the company recognizing $220 million of sales-type lease revenue that would otherwise have been recognized over the lease period as operating lease revenue.

In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance which addresses aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Certain equity investments will be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income. The amendment also simplifies the impairment test of equity investments that lack readily determinable fair value. The guidance is effective January 1, 2018 and early adoption is not permitted except for limited provisions. The guidance is not expected to have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

The FASB issued guidance on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers in May 2014 with amendments in 2015 and 2016. Revenue recognition will depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also requires disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented, or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (the cumulative catch-up transition method). The guidance was initially effective January 1, 2017 and early adoption was not permitted. The amended guidance provides for a one-year deferral of the effective date to January 1, 2018, with an option of applying the standard on the original effective date. The company will adopt the guidance on January 1, 2018 and apply the cumulative catch-up transition method.

Given the scope of work required to implement the recognition and disclosure requirements under the new standard, the company began its assessment process in 2014 and has since made significant progress, including identification of changes to policy, processes, systems and controls. This also includes the assessment of data availability and presentation necessary to meet the additional disclosure requirements of the guidance in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The company expects revenue recognition for its broad portfolio of hardware, software and services offerings to remain largely unchanged. However, the guidance is expected to change the timing of revenue recognition in certain areas, including accounting for certain software licenses. These impacts are not expected to be material. The company expects to continue to recognize revenue for term license (recurring license charge) software arrangements on a monthly basis over the period that the client is entitled to use the license due to the contractual terms in these arrangements.

Since the company currently expenses sales commissions as incurred, the requirement in the new standard to capitalize certain in-scope sales commissions is being evaluated to determine its potential impact in the consolidated financial statements in the year of adoption. There will be no impact to cash flows.

The company continues to assess all potential impacts of the guidance and given normal ongoing business dynamics, preliminary conclusions are subject to change.

Standards Implemented

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which clarifies the definition of a business. The guidance provides a more robust framework to use in determining when a set of assets and activities acquired or sold is a business. The guidance is effective January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2017, and it did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

In October 2016, the FASB issued guidance which requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets, other than inventory, at the time of transfer. Assets within the scope of the guidance include intellectual property and property, plant and equipment. The guidance is effective January 1, 2018 and early adoption is

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

permitted. The company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2017 using the required modified retrospective method. At adoption, $95 million and $47 million were reclassified from investments and sundry assets and prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively into retained earnings. Additionally, net deferred taxes of $244 million were established in deferred taxes in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, resulting in a cumulative-effect net credit to retained earnings of $102 million. In January 2017, the company had one transaction that generated a $582 million benefit to income tax expense, income from continuing operations and net income and a benefit to basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.62 and $0.61 per share, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The ongoing impact of this guidance will be dependent on any transaction that is within its scope.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance which changes the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The guidance was effective and adopted by the company on January 1, 2017, and it did not have a material impact in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The ongoing impact of the guidance could result in increased volatility in the provision for income taxes and earnings per share in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings, depending on the company’s share price at exercise or vesting of share-based awards compared to grant date, however these impacts are not expected to be material. These impacts are recorded on a prospective basis. See note 5, “Stock-Based Compensation,” for additional information. The company continues to estimate forfeitures in conjunction with measuring stock-based compensation cost. The guidance also requires cash payments on behalf of employees for shares directly withheld for taxes to be presented as financing outflows in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Prior to adoption, the company reported this activity as an operating cash outflow and as a result, prior periods have been reclassified as required.

In September 2015, the FASB issued guidance eliminating the requirement that an acquirer in a business combination account for a measurement-period adjustment retrospectively. Instead, an acquirer will recognize a measurement-period adjustment during the period in which the amount of the adjustment is determined. In addition, the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date should be presented separately on the face of the income statement or disclosed in the notes. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 on a prospective basis. The guidance did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

In May 2015, the FASB issued guidance which removed the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also removed the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016. The guidance was a change in disclosure only and did not have an impact in the consolidated financial results.

In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a services contract. All software licenses recognized under this guidance will be accounted for consistent with other licenses of intangible assets. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and the company adopted it on a prospective basis. The guidance did not have a material impact in the consolidated financial results.

3. Financial Instruments:

Fair Value Measurements

Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Under this guidance, the company is required to classify certain assets and liabilities based on the following fair value hierarchy:

· Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date;

· Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

· Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

The guidance requires the use of observable market data if such data is available without undue cost and effort.

When available, the company uses unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets to measure the fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using internally generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.

The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments. For derivatives and debt securities, the company uses a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates commensurate with the duration of the instrument.

In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the company considers certain market valuation adjustments to the “base valuations” calculated using the methodologies described below for several parameters that market participants would consider in determining fair value:

· Counterparty credit risk adjustments are applied to financial instruments, taking into account the actual credit risk of a counterparty as observed in the credit default swap market to determine the true fair value of such an instrument.

· Credit risk adjustments are applied to reflect the company’s own credit risk when valuing all liabilities measured at fair value. The methodology is consistent with that applied in developing counterparty credit risk adjustments, but incorporates the company’s own credit risk as observed in the credit default swap market.

As an example, the fair value of derivatives is derived utilizing a discounted cash flow model that uses observable market inputs such as known notional value amounts, yield curves, spot and forward exchange rates as well as discount rates. These inputs relate to liquid, heavily traded currencies with active markets which are available for the full term of the derivative.

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include equity method investments that are recognized at fair value at the measurement date to the extent that they are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Certain assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis can be subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements. These assets include available-for-sale equity investments that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. In the event of an other-than-temporary impairment of a financial investment, fair value is measured using a model described above.

Non-financial assets such as property, plant and equipment, land, goodwill and intangible assets are also subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The impairment models used for nonfinancial assets depend on the type of asset. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, a pre-tax impairment charge related to certain property, plant and equipment of $252 million was recorded. There were no material impairments of non-financial assets for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Accounting guidance permits the measurement of eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and firm commitments at fair value, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other accounting standards. This election is irrevocable. The company has not applied the fair value option to any eligible assets or liabilities.

The following tables present the company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in millions)
At March 31, 2017	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)
Time deposits and certificates of deposit	$	—	$	5,720	$	—	$	5,720
Money market funds	1,440		—		—		1,440
Total	1,440		5,720		—		7,160		(6)
Debt securities - current (2)	—		599		—		599		(6)
Debt securities - noncurrent (3)	1		6		—		7
Available-for-sale equity investments (3)	5		—		—		5
Derivative assets (4)
Interest rate contracts	—		498		—		498
Foreign exchange contracts	—		389		—		389
Equity contracts	—		6		—		6
Total	—		894		—		894		(7)
Total assets	$	1,447	$	7,218	$	—	$	8,665	(7)
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities (5)
Foreign exchange contracts	$	—	$	155	$	—	$	155
Equity contracts	—		6		—		6
Interest rate contracts	—		5		—		5
Total liabilities	$	—	$	166	$	—	$	166	(7)

(1) Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(2) U.S. government securities reported as marketable securities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(3) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(4) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at March 31, 2017 were $348 million and $546 million, respectively.

(5) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at March 31, 2017 were $130 million and $35 million, respectively.

(6) Available-for-sale securities with carrying values that approximate fair value.

(7) If derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement had been netted in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, the total derivative asset and liability positions each would have been reduced by $122 million.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2016	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)
Time deposits and certificates of deposit	$	—	$	3,629	$	—	$	3,629
Money market funds	1,204		—		—		1,204
Total	1,204		3,629		—		4,832		(6)
Debt securities - current (2)	—		699		—		699		(6)
Debt securities - noncurrent (3)	1		6		—		8
Available-for-sale equity investments (3)	7		—		—		7
Derivative assets (4)
Interest rate contracts	—		555		—		555
Foreign exchange contracts	—		560		—		560
Equity contracts	—		11		—		11
Total	—		1,126		—		1,126		(7)
Total assets	$	1,212	$	5,460	$	—	$	6,672	(7)
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities (5)
Foreign exchange contracts	$	—	$	188	$	—	$	188
Equity contracts	—		10		—		10
Interest rate contracts	—		8		—		8
Total liabilities	$	—	$	206	$	—	$	206	(7)

(1) Included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(2) U.S government securities reported as marketable securities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(3) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

(4) The gross balances of derivative assets contained within prepaid expenses and other current assets, and investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2016 were $532 million and $594 million, respectively.

(5) The gross balances of derivative liabilities contained within other accrued expenses and liabilities, and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31, 2016 were $145 million and $61 million, respectively.

(6) Available-for-sale securities with carrying values that approximate fair value.

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2016.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

Short-Term Receivables and Payables

Notes and other accounts receivable and other investments are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value. Accounts payable, other accrued expenses and short-term debt (excluding the current portion of long-term debt) are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, except for short-term debt, which would be classified as Level 2.

Loans and Long-term Receivables

Fair values are based on discounted future cash flows using current interest rates offered for similar loans to clients with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value for loans and long-term receivables was immaterial. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

Long-Term Debt

Fair value of publicly-traded long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market. For other long-term debt for which a quoted market price is not available, an expected present value technique that uses rates currently available to the company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities is used to estimate fair value. The carrying amount of long-term debt was $34,441 million and $34,655 million, and the estimated fair value was $36,733 million and $36,838 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, long-term debt (including the current portion) would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Debt and Marketable Equity Securities

The company’s cash equivalents and current debt securities are considered available-for-sale and recorded at fair value, which is not materially different from carrying value, in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

The following tables summarize the company’s noncurrent debt and marketable equity securities which are considered available-for-sale and recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

			Gross		Gross
(Dollars in millions)	Adjusted		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
At March 31, 2017:	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Debt securities — noncurrent(1)	$	5	$	2	$	—	$	7
Available-for-sale equity investments(1)	$	1	$	4	$	0	$	5

(1) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

			Gross		Gross
(Dollars in millions)	Adjusted		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
At December 31, 2016:	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Debt securities — noncurrent(1)	$	5	$	3	$	—	$	8
Available-for-sale equity investments(1)	$	3	$	5	$	0	$	7

(1) Included within investments and sundry assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

During the fourth quarter of 2014, the company acquired equity securities in conjunction with the sale of the System x business which were classified as available-for-sale securities. Based on an evaluation of available evidence as of December 31, 2015, the company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $86 million resulting in an adjusted cost basis of $185 million as of December 31, 2015. In the first quarter of 2016, the company recorded a gross realized loss of $37 million (before taxes) related to the sale of all the outstanding shares. The loss on this sale was recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

Sales of debt and available-for-sale equity investments during the period were as follows:

(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended March 31:	2017		2016
Proceeds	$	5	$	148
Gross realized gains (before taxes)	1		—
Gross realized losses (before taxes)	2		37

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

The after-tax net unrealized holding gains/(losses) on available-for-sale debt and marketable equity securities that have

been included in other comprehensive income/(loss) for the period and the after-tax net (gains)/losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) to net income were as follows:

(Dollars in millions)
For the three months ended March 31:	2017			2016
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period	$	(1	)	$	(22	)
Net unrealized (gains)/losses reclassified to net income*	1			23

* There were no writedowns for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The contractual maturities of substantially all available-for-sale debt securities are less than one year at March 31, 2017.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The company operates in multiple functional currencies and is a significant lender and borrower in the global markets. In the normal course of business, the company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations, and to a lesser extent equity and commodity price changes and client credit risk. The company limits these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives, and, where cost effective, financing with debt in the currencies in which assets are denominated. For interest rate exposures, derivatives are used to better align rate movements between the interest rates associated with the company’s lease and other financial assets and the interest rates associated with its financing debt. Derivatives are also used to manage the related cost of debt. For foreign currency exposures, derivatives are used to better manage the cash flow volatility arising from foreign exchange rate fluctuations.

As a result of the use of derivative instruments, the company is exposed to the risk that counterparties to derivative contracts will fail to meet their contractual obligations. To mitigate the counterparty credit risk, the company has a policy of only entering into contracts with carefully selected major financial institutions based upon their overall credit profile. The company’s established policies and procedures for mitigating credit risk on principal transactions include reviewing and establishing limits for credit exposure and continually assessing the creditworthiness of counterparties. The right of set-off that exists under certain of these arrangements enables the legal entities of the company subject to the arrangement to net amounts due to and from the counterparty reducing the maximum loss from credit risk in the event of counterparty default.

The company is also a party to collateral security arrangements with most of its major derivative counterparties. These arrangements require the company to hold or post collateral (cash or U.S. Treasury securities) when the derivative fair values exceed contractually established thresholds. Posting thresholds can be fixed or can vary based on credit default swap pricing or credit ratings received from the major credit agencies. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments under these collateralized arrangements that were in a liability position at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $4 million and $11 million, respectively, for which no collateral was posted at either date. Full collateralization of these agreements would be required in the event that the company’s credit rating falls below investment grade or if its credit default swap spread exceeds 250 basis points, as applicable, pursuant to the terms of the collateral security arrangements. The aggregate fair value of derivative instruments in asset positions as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $894 million and $1,126 million, respectively. This amount represents the maximum exposure to loss at the reporting date if the counterparties failed to perform as contracted. This exposure was reduced by $122 million and $116 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of liabilities included in master netting arrangements with those counterparties. Additionally, at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, this exposure was reduced by $91 million and $141 million of cash collateral, respectively, and $35 million of non-cash collateral in U.S. Treasury securities at December 31, 2016. There were no non-cash collateral balances in U.S. Treasury securities at March 31, 2017. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the net exposure related to derivative assets recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position was $681 million and $834 million, respectively. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the net exposure related to derivative liabilities recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position was $44 million and $90 million, respectively.

In the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, the company does not offset derivative assets against liabilities in master netting arrangements nor does it offset receivables or payables recognized upon payment or receipt of cash collateral against the fair values of the related derivative instruments. No amount was recognized in other receivables at March 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016 for the right to reclaim cash collateral. The amount recognized in accounts payable for the obligation to return cash collateral was $91 million and $141 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The company restricts the use of cash collateral received to rehypothecation, and therefore reports it in prepaid

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. No amount was rehypothecated at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The company may employ derivative instruments to hedge the volatility in stockholders’ equity resulting from changes in currency exchange rates of significant foreign subsidiaries of the company with respect to the U.S. dollar. These instruments, designated as net investment hedges, expose the company to liquidity risk as the derivatives have an immediate cash flow impact upon maturity which is not offset by a cash flow from the translation of the underlying hedged equity. The company monitors this cash loss potential on an ongoing basis and may discontinue some of these hedging relationships by de-designating or terminating the derivative instrument in order to manage the liquidity risk. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company may utilize derivatives to offset the changes in the fair value of the de-designated instruments from the date of de-designation until maturity.

In its hedging programs, the company uses forward contracts, futures contracts, interest-rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, and options depending upon the underlying exposure. The company is not a party to leveraged derivative instruments.

A brief description of the major hedging programs, categorized by underlying risk, follows.

Interest Rate Risk

Fixed and Variable Rate Borrowings

The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. Access to cost-effective financing can result in interest rate mismatches with the underlying assets. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company uses interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt (i.e., fair value hedges) and to convert specific variable-rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt (i.e., cash flow hedges). At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of the company’s interest rate swaps was $7.3 billion at both periods. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was approximately 6.0 years and 6.2 years, respectively.

Forecasted Debt Issuance

The company is exposed to interest rate volatility on future debt issuances. To manage this risk, the company may use forward starting interest-rate swaps to lock in the rate on the interest payments related to the forecasted debt issuance. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The company did not have any derivative instruments relating to this program outstanding at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, net gains of less than $1 million (before taxes), respectively, were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in connection with cash flow hedges of the company’s borrowings. Within these amounts, less than $1 million of gains, respectively, are expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying transactions.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Long-Term Investments in Foreign Subsidiaries (Net Investment)

A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for this risk management purpose. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was $6.4 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments was approximately 0.2 years at both periods.

Anticipated Royalties and Cost Transactions

The company’s operations generate significant nonfunctional currency, third-party vendor payments and intercompany payments for royalties and goods and services among the company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries and with the parent company. In anticipation of these foreign currency cash flows and in view of the volatility of the currency markets, the company selectively employs foreign exchange forward contracts to manage its currency risk. These forward contracts are accounted

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

for as cash flow hedges. The maximum length of time over which the company has hedged its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is four years. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted royalty and cost transactions was $8.1 billion and $8.3 billion, respectively. The weighted-average remaining maturity of these instruments at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was 0.7 years at both periods.

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, in connection with cash flow hedges of anticipated royalties and cost transactions, the company recorded net gains of $342 million and $462 million (before taxes), respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Within these amounts, $245 million and $397 million of gains, respectively, are expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying anticipated transactions.

Foreign Currency Denominated Borrowings

The company is exposed to exchange rate volatility on foreign currency denominated debt. To manage this risk, the company employs cross-currency swaps to convert fixed-rate foreign currency denominated debt to fixed-rate debt denominated in the functional currency of the borrowing entity. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The maximum length of time over which the company has hedged its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is approximately nine years. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated debt was $1.4 billion at both periods.

At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, in connection with cash flow hedges of foreign currency denominated borrowings, the company recorded net gains of $19 million and net gains of $29 million (before taxes), respectively, in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Within these amounts, $27 million of gains at both periods are expected to be reclassified to net income within the next 12 months, providing an offsetting economic impact against the underlying exposure.

Subsidiary Cash and Foreign Currency Asset/Liability Management

The company uses its Global Treasury Centers to manage the cash of its subsidiaries. These centers principally use currency swaps to convert cash flows in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the company uses foreign exchange forward contracts to economically hedge, on a net basis, the foreign currency exposure of a portion of the company’s nonfunctional currency assets and liabilities. The terms of these forward and swap contracts are generally less than one year. The changes in the fair values of these contracts and of the underlying hedged exposures are generally offsetting and are recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of foreign currency exposure was $10.1 billion and $12.7 billion, respectively.

Equity Risk Management

The company is exposed to market price changes in certain broad market indices and in the company’s own stock primarily related to certain obligations to employees. Changes in the overall value of these employee compensation obligations are recorded in selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. Although not designated as accounting hedges, the company utilizes derivatives, including equity swaps and futures, to economically hedge the exposures related to its employee compensation obligations. The derivatives are linked to the total return on certain broad market indices or the total return on the company’s common stock, and are recorded at fair value with gains or losses also reported in SG&A expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amount of derivative instruments in economic hedges of these compensation obligations was $1.2 billion at both periods.

Other Risks

The company may hold warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with various investments that are deemed derivatives because they contain net share or net cash settlement provisions. The company records the changes in the fair value of these warrants in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. The company did not have any significant warrants qualifying as derivatives outstanding at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The company is exposed to a potential loss if a client fails to pay amounts due under contractual terms. The company may utilize credit default swaps to economically hedge its credit exposures. The swaps are recorded at fair value with gains

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

and losses reported in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. The company did not have any derivative instruments relating to this program outstanding at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

The company is exposed to market volatility on certain investment securities. The company may utilize options or forwards to economically hedge its market exposure. The derivatives are recorded at fair value with gains and losses reported in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the company did not have any derivative instruments relating to this program outstanding.

The following tables provide a quantitative summary of the derivative and non-derivative instrument-related risk management activity as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, as well as for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016

	Fair Value of Derivative Assets					Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities
	Balance Sheet					Balance Sheet
(Dollars in millions)	Classification	3/31/2017		12/31/2016		Classification	3/31/2017		12/31/2016
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts:	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	—	$	—	Other accrued expenses and liabilities	$	1	$	—
	Investments and sundry assets	498		555		Other liabilities	4		8
Foreign exchange contracts:	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	295		421		Other accrued expenses and liabilities	61		46
	Investments and sundry assets	47		17		Other liabilities	31		35
	Fair value of derivative assets	$	841	$	993	Fair value of derivative liabilities	$	97	$	89

Not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts:	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	47	$	100	Other accrued expenses and liabilities	$	63	$	89
	Investments and sundry assets	0		22		Other liabilities	—		18
Equity contracts:	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	6		11		Other accrued expenses and liabilities	6		10
	Investments and sundry assets	—		—		Other liabilities	—		—
	Fair value of derivative assets	$	53	$	133	Fair value of derivative liabilities	$	68	$	117

Total debt designated as hedging instruments:
Short-term debt		N/A		N/A			$	788	$	1,125
Long-term debt		N/A		N/A			$	7,977	$	7,844

Total		$	894	$	1,126		$	8,931	$	9,175

N/A - not applicable

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings
	Consolidated	Recognized on						Attributable to Risk
(Dollars in millions)	Statement of	Derivatives						Being Hedged(2)
For the three months ended March 31:	Earnings Line Item	2017			2016			2017		2016
Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1) (5):
Interest rate contracts	Cost of financing	$	(1	)	$	137		$	23	$	(112	)
	Interest expense	(1		)	147			20		(120		)
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other (income) and expense	(76		)	121			N/A		N/A
Interest rate contracts	Other (income) and expense	—			0			N/A		N/A
Equity contracts	SG&A expense	46			21			N/A		N/A
	Other (income) and expense	—			(1		)	N/A		N/A
Total		$	(32	)	$	426		$	42	$	(233	)

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income
														Ineffectiveness and
(Dollars in millions)	Effective Portion						Consolidated	Effective Portion Reclassified						Amounts Excluded from
For the three months	Recognized in OCI						Statement of	from AOCI						Effectiveness Testing(3)
ended March 31:	2017			2016			Earnings Line Item	2017			2016			2017		2016
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	$	—		$	—		Interest expense	$	(7	)	$	(2	)	$	—	$	—
Foreign exchange contracts	(33		)	(265		)	Other (income) and expense	65			87			1		1
							Cost of sales*	11			9			—		—
							Cost of services*	8			(6		)	—		—
							SG&A expense	20			3			—		—
Instruments in net investment hedges(4):
Foreign exchange contracts	(282		)	(693		)	Interest expense	—			—			19		10
Total	$	(315	)	$	(959	)		$	98		$	91		$	20	$	11

* Reclassified to conform to 2017 presentation

N/A - not applicable

Note: OCI represents other comprehensive income/(loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and AOCI represents accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity.

(1) The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts.

(2) The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period.

(3) The amount of gain/(loss) recognized in income represents ineffectiveness on hedge relationships.

(4) Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments.

(5) For the three month periods ended March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2016, fair value hedges resulted in a loss of less than $1 million and a gain of $2 million in ineffectiveness, respectively.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

For the three months ending March 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no significant gains or losses recognized in earnings representing hedge ineffectiveness or excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (for fair value hedges), or associated with an underlying exposure that did not or was not expected to occur (for cash flow hedges); nor are there any anticipated in the normal course of business.

4. Financing Receivables: The following table presents financing receivables, net of allowances for credit losses, including residual values.

	At March 31,		At December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2017		2016
Current:
Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases	$	2,875	$	2,909
Commercial financing receivables	7,460		9,706
Client loan and installment payment receivables (loans)	6,027		6,390
Total	$	16,362	$	19,006
Noncurrent:
Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases	$	3,733	$	3,950
Client loan and installment payment receivables (loans)	4,769		5,071
Total	$	8,502	$	9,021

Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases relates principally to the company’s Systems products and are for terms ranging generally from two to six years. Net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases includes unguaranteed residual values of $574 million and $585 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and is reflected net of unearned income of $496 million and $513 million, and net of allowance for credit losses of $140 million and $133 million at those dates, respectively.

Commercial financing receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $26 million and $28 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, relate primarily to inventory and accounts receivable financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM and OEM products. Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days.

Client loan and installment payment receivables (loans), net of allowance for credit losses of $285 million and $276 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are loans that are provided primarily to clients to finance the purchase of hardware, software and services. Payment terms on these financing arrangements are generally for terms up to seven years.

Client loan and installment payment financing contracts are priced independently at competitive market rates. The company has a history of enforcing the terms of these financing agreements.

The company utilizes certain of its financing receivables as collateral for nonrecourse borrowings. Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings were $658 million and $689 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

The company did not have any financing receivables held for sale as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Financing Receivables by Portfolio Segment

The following tables present financing receivables on a gross basis, excluding the allowance for credit losses and residual value, by portfolio segment and by class, excluding commercial financing receivables and other miscellaneous financing receivables at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The company determines its allowance for credit losses based on two portfolio segments: lease receivables and loan receivables, and further segments the portfolio into three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA), and Asia Pacific. This portfolio segmentation was changed from growth markets and major markets in 2017 as the company no longer manages the business under those market delineations. There was no impact to segment reporting or the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — (continued)

(Dollars in millions)
At March 31, 2017	Americas			EMEA		Asia Pacific			Total
Financing receivables
Lease receivables	$	3,602		$	1,154	$	1,342		$	6,098
Loan receivables	5,826			3,062		2,193			11,081
Ending balance	$	9,428		$	4,216	$	3,535		$	17,179
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	9,250		$	4,190	$	3,371		$	16,811
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	179		$	26	$	164		$	368
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2017
Lease receivables	$	54		$	4	$	76		$	133
Loan receivables	169			18		89			276
Total	$	223		$	22	$	165		$	410
Write-offs	$	(9	)	$	0	$	0		$	(9	)
Recoveries	0			0		0			0
Provision	6			7		(1		)	12
Other	2			1		8			11
Ending balance at March 31, 2017	$	223		$	29	$	172		$	424
Lease receivables	$	61		$	4	$	75		$	140
Loan receivables	$	162		$	26	$	97		$	285

Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	54		$	11	$	14		$	80
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	169		$	18	$	157		$	344

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2016:*	Americas			EMEA			Asia Pacific			Total
Financing receivables:
Lease receivables	$	3,830		$	1,171		$	1,335		$	6,336
Loan receivables	6,185			3,309			2,243			11,737
Ending balance	$	10,015		$	4,480		$	3,578		$	18,073
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	9,847		$	4,460		$	3,419		$	17,726
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	168		$	20		$	159		$	347
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2016
Lease receivables	$	52		$	17		$	143		$	213
Loan receivables	122			55			200			377
Total	$	175		$	72		$	343		$	590
Write-offs	$	(36	)	$	(48	)	$	(154	)	$	(237	)
Recoveries	2			0			0			2
Provision	65			(1		)	(6		)	58
Other	17			(1		)	(18		)	(3		)
Ending balance at December 31, 2016	$	223		$	22		$	165		$	410
Lease receivables	$	54		$	4		$	76		$	133
Loan receivables	$	169		$	18		$	89		$	276

Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	62		$	13		$	15		$	90
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	161		$	9		$	150		$	320

* Reclassified to conform to 2017 presentation.

When determining the allowances, financing receivables are evaluated either on an individual or a collective basis. For individually evaluated receivables, the company determines the expected cash flow for the receivable and calculates an estimate of the potential loss and the probability of loss. For those accounts in which the loss is probable, the company records a specific reserve. In addition, the company rec