e10vq
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
     
þ   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2010
OR
     
o   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission file number 1-8661
THE CHUBB CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
     
NEW JERSEY   13-2595722
     
(State or other jurisdiction of   (I. R. S. Employer
incorporation or organization)   Identification No.)
     
15 MOUNTAIN VIEW ROAD, WARREN, NEW JERSEY   07059
     
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (908) 903-2000
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
YES þ      NO o
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
YES þ      NO o
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.(Check one):
             
Large accelerated filer þ     Accelerated filer o    Non-accelerated filer   o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
  Smaller Reporting Company o 
     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES o      NO þ
     The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2010 was 326,772,038.
 
 

 


 

THE CHUBB CORPORATION
INDEX
         
    Page Number
       
 
       
       
 
       
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    42  
 
       
    42  
 EX-31.1
 EX-31.2
 EX-32.1
 EX-32.2
 EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
 EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
 EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
 EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
 EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

 


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Page 1
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1 — Financial Statements
THE CHUBB CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31
                 
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Revenues
               
Premiums Earned
  $ 2,782     $ 2,826  
Investment Income
    410       402  
Other Revenues
    4       3  
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
               
Total Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses on Investments
          (59 )
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses on Investments Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income
    (1 )      
Other Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
    128       (207 )
 
           
Total Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
    127       (266 )
 
           
 
               
Total Revenues
    3,323       2,965  
 
           
 
               
Losses and Expenses
               
Losses and Loss Expenses
    1,730       1,615  
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
    740       728  
Other Insurance Operating Costs and Expenses
    115       103  
Investment Expenses
    10       9  
Other Expenses
    4       3  
Corporate Expenses
    76       77  
 
           
 
               
Total Losses and Expenses
    2,675       2,535  
 
           
 
               
Income Before Federal and Foreign Income Tax
    648       430  
Federal and Foreign Income Tax
    184       89  
 
           
 
               
Net Income
  $ 464     $ 341  
 
           
 
               
Net Income Per Share
               
 
               
Basic
  $ 1.39     $ .96  
Diluted
    1.39       .95  
 
               
Dividends Declared Per Share
    .37       .35  
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 


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THE CHUBB CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
                 
    Mar. 31,     Dec. 31,  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Assets
               
 
               
Invested Assets
               
Short Term Investments
  $ 2,394     $ 1,918  
Fixed Maturities
               
Tax Exempt (cost $18,604 and $18,720)
    19,462       19,587  
Taxable (cost $16,184 and $16,470)
    16,825       16,991  
Equity Securities (cost $1,221 and $1,215)
    1,497       1,433  
Other Invested Assets
    2,151       2,075  
 
           
 
               
TOTAL INVESTED ASSETS
    42,329       42,004  
 
               
Cash
    51       51  
Accrued Investment Income
    448       460  
Premiums Receivable
    2,031       2,101  
Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses
    2,071       2,053  
Prepaid Reinsurance Premiums
    329       308  
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
    1,553       1,533  
Deferred Income Tax
    149       272  
Goodwill
    467       467  
Other Assets
    1,442       1,200  
 
           
 
               
TOTAL ASSETS
  $ 50,870     $ 50,449  
 
           
 
               
Liabilities
               
 
               
Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses
  $ 23,099     $ 22,839  
Unearned Premiums
    6,149       6,153  
Long Term Debt
    3,975       3,975  
Dividend Payable to Shareholders
    121       118  
Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
    1,785       1,730  
 
           
 
               
TOTAL LIABILITIES
    35,129       34,815  
 
           
 
               
Contingent Liabilities (Note 6)
               
 
               
Shareholders’ Equity
               
 
               
Common Stock — $1 Par Value; 371,980,460 Shares
    372       372  
Paid-In Surplus
    158       224  
Retained Earnings
    16,578       16,235  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
    812       720  
Treasury Stock, at Cost — 45,208,422 and 39,972,796 Shares
    (2,179 )     (1,917 )
 
           
 
               
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
    15,741       15,634  
 
           
 
               
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
  $ 50,870     $ 50,449  
 
           
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 


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THE CHUBB CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31
                 
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Net Income
  $ 464     $ 341  
 
           
 
               
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
               
Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation of Investments
    107       327  
Change in Unrealized Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses on Investments
    3        
Foreign Currency Translation Losses
    (28 )     (113 )
Amortization of Net Loss and Prior Service Cost Included in Net Postretirement Benefit Costs
    10       9  
 
           
 
    92       223  
 
           
 
               
Comprehensive Income
  $ 556     $ 564  
 
           
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 


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THE CHUBB CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31
                 
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
               
Net Income
  $ 464     $ 341  
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Net Cash
               
Provided by Operating Activities
               
Increase in Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses, Net
    298       106  
Decrease in Unearned Premiums, Net
    (17 )     (83 )
Decrease in Premiums Receivable
    70       98  
Amortization of Premiums and Discounts on Fixed Maturities
    46       47  
Depreciation
    16       15  
Realized Investment Losses (Gains), Net
    (127 )     266  
Other, Net
    (129 )     (240 )
 
           
 
               
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
    621       550  
 
           
 
               
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
               
Proceeds from Fixed Maturities
               
Sales
    1,000       855  
Maturities, Calls and Redemptions
    634       610  
Proceeds from Sales of Equity Securities
    18       46  
Purchases of Fixed Maturities
    (1,342 )     (1,958 )
Purchases of Equity Securities
    (15 )      
Investments in Other Invested Assets, Net
    8       (22 )
Increase in Short Term Investments, Net
    (471 )     (104 )
Increase (Decrease) in Net Payable from Security Transactions Not Settled
    (20 )     214  
Purchases of Property and Equipment, Net
    (13 )     (12 )
Other, Net
          4  
 
           
 
               
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
    (201 )     (367 )
 
           
 
               
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
               
Increase (Decrease) in Funds Held Under Deposit Contracts
    25       (2 )
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock Under Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans
    24       14  
Repurchase of Shares
    (351 )     (77 )
Dividends Paid to Shareholders
    (118 )     (118 )
 
           
 
               
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
    (420 )     (183 )
 
           
 
               
Net Increase in Cash
           
 
               
Cash at Beginning of Year
    51       56  
 
           
 
               
Cash at End of Period
  $ 51     $ 56  
 
           
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 


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Page 5
THE CHUBB CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1) General
     The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and include the accounts of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Corporation). Significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
     Effective April 1, 2009, the Corporation adopted new guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) related to the recognition and presentation of other-than-temporary impairments. This guidance was not permitted to be retroactively applied to prior periods’ financial statements; accordingly, consolidated financial statements for periods prior to April 1, 2009 have not been restated for this change in accounting policy. This accounting change is further described in Note (3)(b).
     The amounts included in this report are unaudited but include those adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, that management considers necessary for a fair presentation. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.
2) Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement
     Effective January 1, 2010, the Corporation adopted new guidance issued by the FASB related to the accounting for a variable interest entity (VIE). A company would consolidate a VIE, as the primary beneficiary, when a company has both of the following characteristics: (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Ongoing reassessment of whether a company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE is required. The new guidance replaces the quantitative-based approach previously required for determining which company, if any, has a controlling financial interest in a VIE. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant effect on the Corporation’s financial position or results of operations.
     The Corporation is involved in the normal course of business with VIEs primarily as a passive investor in residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and private equity limited partnerships issued by third party VIEs. The Corporation is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The Corporation’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the investment carrying values included in the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheet and any unfunded partnership commitments.

 


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3) Invested Assets
(a) The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities and equity securities were as follows:
                                 
    March 31, 2010  
            Gross     Gross        
    Amortized     Unrealized     Unrealized     Fair  
    Cost     Appreciation     Depreciation     Value  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                               
Tax exempt
  $ 18,604     $ 916     $ 58     $ 19,462  
 
                       
Taxable
                               
U.S. Government and government agency and authority obligations
    776       16       9       783  
Corporate bonds
    6,170       352       17       6,505  
Foreign government and government agency obligations
    5,847       216       10       6,053  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    1,706       75       16       1,765  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
    1,685       39       5       1,719  
 
                       
 
    16,184       698       57       16,825  
 
                       
 
                               
Total fixed maturities
  $ 34,788     $ 1,614     $ 115     $ 36,287  
 
                       
 
                               
Equity securities
  $ 1,221     $ 314     $ 38     $ 1,497  
 
                       
                                 
    December 31, 2009  
            Gross     Gross        
    Amortized     Unrealized     Unrealized     Fair  
    Cost     Appreciation     Depreciation     Value  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                               
Tax exempt
  $ 18,720     $ 933     $ 66     $ 19,587  
 
                       
Taxable
                               
U.S. Government and government agency and authority obligations
    756       12       10       758  
Corporate bonds
    6,287       327       24       6,590  
Foreign government and government agency obligations
    5,903       221       11       6,113  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    1,850       69       20       1,899  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
    1,674       6       49       1,631  
 
                       
 
    16,470       635       114       16,991  
 
                       
 
                               
Total fixed maturities
  $ 35,190     $ 1,568     $ 180     $ 36,578  
 
                       
 
                               
Equity securities
  $ 1,215     $ 261     $ 43     $ 1,433  
 
                       

 


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     At March 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, the gross unrealized depreciation of fixed maturities included $12 million and $15 million, respectively, of unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.
     The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities at March 31, 2010 by contractual maturity were as follows:
                 
    Amortized     Fair  
    Cost     Value  
    (in millions)  
Due in one year or less
  $ 1,279     $ 1,303  
Due after one year through five years
    10,750       11,252  
Due after five years through ten years
    12,090       12,752  
Due after ten years
    7,278       7,496  
 
           
 
    31,397       32,803  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    1,706       1,765  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
    1,685       1,719  
 
           
 
               
 
  $ 34,788     $ 36,287  
 
           
     Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
     The Corporation’s equity securities comprise a diversified portfolio of primarily U.S. publicly-traded common stocks.
(b) The components of unrealized appreciation or depreciation, including unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses, of investments carried at fair value were as follows:
                 
    March 31     December 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
               
Gross unrealized appreciation
  $ 1,614     $ 1,568  
Gross unrealized depreciation
    115       180  
 
           
 
    1,499       1,388  
 
           
 
               
Equity securities
               
Gross unrealized appreciation
    314       261  
Gross unrealized depreciation
    38       43  
 
           
 
    276       218  
 
           
 
    1,775       1,606  
Deferred income tax liability
    621       562  
 
           
 
  $ 1,154     $ 1,044  
 
           
     When the fair value of an investment is lower than its cost, an assessment is made to determine whether the decline is temporary or other than temporary. The assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of fixed maturities and equity securities is based on both quantitative criteria and qualitative information and also considers a number of other factors including, but not limited to, the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the cost, the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, general market conditions and industry or sector specific factors.

 


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     In determining whether fixed maturities are other than temporarily impaired, prior to April 1, 2009, the Corporation considered many factors including its intent and ability to hold a security for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery of the security’s cost. When an impairment was deemed other than temporary, the security was written down to fair value and the entire writedown was included in net income as a realized investment loss. Effective April 1, 2009, the Corporation adopted new guidance which modified the guidance on the recognition and presentation of other-than-temporary impairments of debt securities. Under this guidance, the Corporation is required to recognize an other-than-temporary impairment loss when it concludes it has the intent to sell or it is more likely than not it will be required to sell an impaired fixed maturity before the security recovers to its amortized cost value or it is likely it will not recover the entire amortized cost value of an impaired debt security. Also under this guidance, if the Corporation has the intent to sell or it is more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell an impaired fixed maturity before the security recovers to its amortized cost value, the security is written down to fair value and the entire amount of the writedown is included in net income as a realized investment loss. For all other impaired fixed maturities, the impairment loss is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount representing the loss related to all other factors. The amount of the impairment loss that represents the credit loss is included in net income as a realized investment loss and the amount of the impairment loss that relates to all other factors is included in other comprehensive income.
     For fixed maturities, the split between the amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses that represents credit losses and the amount that relates to all other factors is principally based on assumptions regarding the amount and timing of projected cash flows. For fixed maturities other than mortgage-backed securities, cash flow estimates are based on assumptions regarding the probability of default and estimates regarding the timing and amount of recoveries associated with a default. For mortgage-backed securities, cash flow estimates are based on assumptions regarding future prepayment rates, default rates, loss severity and timing of recoveries. The Corporation has developed the estimates of projected cash flows using information based on historical market data, industry analyst reports and forecasts and other data relevant to the collectability of a security.
     In determining whether equity securities are other than temporarily impaired, the Corporation considers its intent and ability to hold a security for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery of cost. If the decline in the fair value of an equity security is deemed to be other than temporary, the security is written down to fair value and the amount of the writedown is included in net income as a realized investment loss.

 


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     The following table summarizes, for all investment securities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2010, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized depreciation, including unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses, by investment category and length of time that individual securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
                                                 
    Less than 12 Months     12 Months or More     Total  
            Gross             Gross             Gross  
    Fair     Unrealized     Fair     Unrealized     Fair     Unrealized  
    Value     Depreciation     Value     Depreciation     Value     Depreciation  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                                               
Tax exempt
  $ 714     $ 8     $ 869     $ 50     $ 1,583     $ 58  
 
                                   
Taxable
                                               
U.S. Government and government
agency and authority obligations
    153       5       44       4       197       9  
Corporate bonds
    514       11       80       6       594       17  
Foreign government and government
agency obligations
    943       10                   943       10  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    10       1       86       15       96       16  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
    24       1       257       4       281       5  
 
                                   
 
    1,644       28       467       29       2,111       57  
 
                                   
Total fixed maturities
    2,358       36       1,336       79       3,694       115  
 
                                               
Equity securities
    66       3       406       35       472       38  
 
                                   
 
                                               
 
  $ 2,424     $ 39     $ 1,742     $ 114     $ 4,166     $ 153  
 
                                   
     At March 31, 2010, approximately 550 individual fixed maturity and equity securities were in an unrealized loss position, of which approximately 510 were fixed maturities. The Corporation does not have the intent to sell and it is not more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell these fixed maturities before the securities recover to their amortized cost value. In addition, the Corporation believes that none of the declines in the fair values of these fixed maturities relate to credit losses. The Corporation has the intent and ability to hold the equity securities in an unrealized loss position for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery of cost. The Corporation believes that none of the declines in the fair value of these fixed maturities and equity securities were other than temporary at March 31, 2010.

 


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     The following table summarizes, for all investment securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2009, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized depreciation, including unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses, by investment category and length of time that individual securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
                                                 
    Less than 12 Months     12 Months or More     Total  
            Gross             Gross             Gross  
    Fair     Unrealized     Fair     Unrealized     Fair     Unrealized  
    Value     Depreciation     Value     Depreciation     Value     Depreciation  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                                               
Tax exempt
  $ 542     $ 8     $ 1,048     $ 58     $ 1,590     $ 66  
 
                                   
Taxable
                                               
U.S. Government and government
agency and authority obligations
    195       6       44       4       239       10  
Corporate bonds
    657       19       88       5       745       24  
Foreign government and government
agency obligations
    809       11                   809       11  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
    9       4       89       16       98       20  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
                1,273       49       1,273       49  
 
                                   
 
    1,670       40       1,494       74       3,164       114  
 
                                   
Total fixed maturities
    2,212       48       2,542       132       4,754       180  
 
                                               
Equity securities
    82       6       393       37       475       43  
 
                                   
 
                                               
 
  $ 2,294     $ 54     $ 2,935     $ 169     $ 5,229     $ 223  
 
                                   
     The change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments carried at fair value, including the change in unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses, was as follows:
                 
    Three Months Ended  
    March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation of fixed maturities
  $ 111     $ 556  
Change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation of equity securities
    58       (53 )
 
           
 
    169       503  
Deferred income tax
    59       176  
 
           
 
               
 
  $ 110     $ 327  
 
           

 


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(c) Realized investment gains and losses were as follows:
                 
    Three Months Ended  
    March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
               
Gross realized gains
  $ 38     $ 36  
Gross realized losses
    (5 )     (6 )
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
    (1 )     (8 )
 
           
 
    32       22  
 
           
 
               
Equity securities
               
Gross realized gains
    9       11  
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
          (51 )
 
           
 
    9       (40 )
 
           
 
               
Other invested assets
    86       (248 )
 
           
 
               
 
  $ 127     $ (266 )
 
           
(d) As of March 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, fixed maturities still held by the Corporation for which a portion of their other-than-temporary impairment losses were recognized in other comprehensive income had cumulative credit-related losses of $19 million and $20 million, respectively, recognized in net income.
4) Fair Values of Financial Instruments
     Fair values of financial instruments are determined using valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Fair values are generally measured using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities or other inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, that are observable either directly or indirectly. In those instances where observable inputs are not available, fair values are measured using unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs reflect the Corporation’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. Fair value estimates derived from unobservable inputs are affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and the estimated amounts and timing of future cash flows. The derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange. Certain financial instruments, particularly insurance contracts, are excluded from fair value disclosure requirements.

 


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     The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair values of financial instruments are as follows:
  (i)   The carrying value of short term investments approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these investments.
 
  (ii)   Fair values for fixed maturities are determined by management, utilizing prices obtained from an independent, nationally recognized pricing service or, in the case of securities for which prices are not provided by a pricing service, from independent brokers. For fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets, market quotations are provided. For fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service and brokers provide fair value estimates using a variety of inputs including, but not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers, reference data, prepayment spreads and measures of volatility. Management reviews on an ongoing basis the reasonableness of the methodologies used by the relevant pricing service and brokers. In addition, management, using the prices received for the securities from the pricing service and brokers, determines the aggregate portfolio price performance and reviews it against applicable indices. If management believes that significant discrepancies exist, it will discuss these with the relevant pricing service or broker to resolve the discrepancies.
 
  (iii)   Fair values of equity securities are based on quoted market prices.
 
  (iv)   Fair values of long term debt issued by Chubb are determined by management, utilizing prices obtained from an independent, nationally recognized pricing service.
     The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments were as follows:
                                 
    March 31, 2010   December 31, 2009
    Carrying   Fair   Carrying   Fair
    Value   Value   Value   Value
    (in millions)
Assets
                               
Invested assets
                               
Short term investments
  $ 2,394     $ 2,394     $ 1,918     $ 1,918  
Fixed maturities
    36,287       36,287       36,578       36,578  
Equity securities
    1,497       1,497       1,433       1,433  
 
                               
Liabilities
                               
Long term debt
    3,975       4,187       3,975       4,102  

 


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     A pricing service provides fair value amounts for approximately 99% of the Corporation’s fixed maturities. The prices obtained from a pricing service and brokers generally are non-binding, but are reflective of current market transactions in the applicable financial instruments.
     At March 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, the Corporation did not hold financial instruments in its investment portfolio for which a lack of market liquidity impacted the determination of fair value.
     The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:
     Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
     Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly.
     Level 3 — Inputs that are unobservable.
     The fair value of fixed maturities and equity securities categorized based upon the lowest level of input that was significant to the fair value measurement was as follows:
                                 
    March 31, 2010  
    Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                               
Tax exempt
  $     $ 19,454     $ 8     $ 19,462  
Taxable
                               
U.S. Government and government agency and authority obligations
          783             783  
Corporate bonds
          6,380       125       6,505  
Foreign government and government agency obligations
          6,053             6,053  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
          1,765             1,765  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
          1,719             1,719  
 
                       
 
          16,700       125       16,825  
 
                       
 
                               
Total fixed maturities
          36,154       133       36,287  
 
                               
Equity securities
    1,274             223       1,497  
 
                       
 
                               
 
  $ 1,274     $ 36,154     $ 356     $ 37,784  
 
                       

 


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    December 31, 2009  
    Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Total  
    (in millions)  
Fixed maturities
                               
Tax exempt
  $     $ 19,578     $ 9     $ 19,587  
Taxable
                               
U.S. Government and government agency and authority obligations
          725       33       758  
Corporate bonds
          6,482       108       6,590  
Foreign government and government agency obligations
          6,113             6,113  
Residential mortgage-backed securities
          1,898       1       1,899  
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
          1,631             1,631  
 
                       
 
          16,849       142       16,991  
 
                       
 
                               
Total fixed maturities
          36,427       151       36,578  
 
                               
Equity securities
    1,207             226       1,433  
 
                       
 
                               
 
  $ 1,207     $ 36,427     $ 377     $ 38,011  
 
                       
5) Segments Information
     The principal business of the Corporation is the sale of property and casualty insurance. The profitability of the property and casualty insurance business depends on the results of both underwriting operations and investments, which are viewed as two distinct operations. The underwriting operations are managed and evaluated separately from the investment function.
     The property and casualty insurance subsidiaries (P&C Group) underwrite most lines of property and casualty insurance. Underwriting operations consist of four separate business units: personal insurance, commercial insurance, specialty insurance and reinsurance assumed. The personal segment targets the personal insurance market. The personal classes include automobile, homeowners and other personal coverages. The commercial segment includes those classes of business that are generally available in broad markets and are of a more commodity nature. Commercial classes include multiple peril, casualty, workers’ compensation and property and marine. The specialty segment includes those classes of business that are available in more limited markets since they require specialized underwriting and claim settlement. Specialty classes include professional liability coverages and surety. The reinsurance assumed business is effectively in run-off following the sale, in 2005, of the ongoing business to a Bermuda-based reinsurance company, Harbor Point Limited.
     Corporate and other includes investment income earned on corporate invested assets, corporate expenses and the results of the Corporation’s non-insurance subsidiaries.

 


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     Revenues and income before income tax of the operating segments were as follows:
                 
    Three Months Ended  
    March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Revenues
               
Property and casualty insurance
               
Premiums earned
               
Personal insurance
  $ 925     $ 907  
Commercial insurance
    1,152       1,198  
Specialty insurance
    701       701  
 
           
 
               
Total insurance
    2,778       2,806  
 
               
Reinsurance assumed
    4       20  
 
           
 
    2,782       2,826  
 
               
Investment income
    396       386  
 
           
 
               
Total property and casualty insurance
    3,178       3,212  
 
               
Corporate and other
    18       19  
Realized investment gains (losses), net
    127       (266 )
 
           
 
               
Total revenues
  $ 3,323     $ 2,965  
 
           
 
               
Income (loss) before income tax
               
Property and casualty insurance
               
Underwriting
               
Personal insurance
  $ (24 )   $ 112  
Commercial insurance
    43       98  
Specialty insurance
    150       125  
 
           
 
               
Total insurance
    169       335  
 
               
Reinsurance assumed
    13       25  
 
           
 
    182       360  
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs
    22       16  
 
           
 
               
Underwriting income
    204       376  
 
               
Investment income
    387       379  
 
               
Other income (charges)
    (7 )     4  
 
           
 
               
Total property and casualty insurance
    584       759  
 
               
Corporate and other loss
    (63 )     (63 )
Realized investment gains (losses), net
    127       (266 )
 
           
 
               
Total income before income tax
  $ 648     $ 430  
 
           

 


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6) Contingent Liabilities
     Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries have been involved in the investigations by various Attorneys General and other regulatory authorities of several states, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York and certain non-U.S. regulatory authorities with respect to certain business practices in the property and casualty insurance industry including (1) potential conflicts of interest and anti-competitive behavior arising from the payment of contingent commissions to brokers and agents and (2) loss mitigation and finite reinsurance arrangements. In connection with these investigations, Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries received subpoenas and other requests for information from various regulators. The Corporation has cooperated fully with these investigations. The Corporation has settled with several state Attorneys General and insurance departments all issues arising out of their investigations. The Attorney General of Ohio on August 24, 2007 filed an action in the Court of Common Pleas in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, against Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries, as well as several other insurers and one broker, as a result of the Ohio Attorney General’s business practices investigation. This action alleges violations of Ohio’s antitrust laws. In July 2008, the court denied the Corporation’s and the other defendants’ motions to dismiss the Ohio Attorney General’s complaint. Since then discovery has been on-going. Although no other Attorney General or regulator has initiated an action against the Corporation, it is possible that such an action may be brought against the Corporation with respect to some or all of the issues that were the focus of the business practice investigations.
     Individual actions and purported class actions arising out of the investigations into the payment of contingent commissions to brokers and agents have been filed in a number of federal and state courts. On August 1, 2005, Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries were named in a putative class action entitled In re Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (N.J. District Court). This action, brought against several brokers and insurers on behalf of a class of persons who purchased insurance through the broker defendants, asserts claims under the Sherman Act and state law and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) arising from the alleged unlawful use of contingent commission agreements. On September 28, 2007, the N.J. District Court dismissed the second amended complaint filed by the plaintiffs in the In re Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation in its entirety. In so doing, the court dismissed the plaintiffs’ Sherman Act and RICO claims with prejudice for failure to state a claim, and it dismissed the plaintiffs’ state law claims without prejudice because it declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over them. The plaintiffs have appealed the dismissal of their second amended complaint to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and that appeal is currently pending.

 


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     Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries also have been named as defendants in other putative class actions relating or similar to the In re Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation that have been filed in various state courts or in U.S. district courts between 2005 and 2007. These actions have been subsequently removed and ultimately transferred to the N.J. District Court for consolidation with the In re Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation. These actions are currently stayed.
     In the various actions described above, the plaintiffs generally allege that the defendants unlawfully used contingent commission agreements and conspired to reduce competition in the insurance markets. The actions seek treble damages, injunctive and declaratory relief, and attorneys’ fees. The Corporation believes it has substantial defenses to all of the aforementioned legal proceedings and intends to defend the actions vigorously.
     The Corporation cannot predict at this time the ultimate outcome of the aforementioned ongoing investigations and legal proceedings, including any potential amounts that the Corporation may be required to pay in connection with them. Nevertheless, management believes that it is likely that the outcome will not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s results of operations or financial condition.
7) Earnings Per Share
     The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:
                 
    Three Months Ended  
    March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions, except  
    for per share amounts)  
Basic earnings per share:
               
Net income
  $ 464     $ 341  
 
           
 
               
Weighted average shares outstanding
    332.8       355.3  
 
           
 
               
Basic earnings per share
  $ 1.39     $ .96  
 
           
 
               
Diluted earnings per share:
               
Net income
  $ 464     $ 341  
 
           
 
               
Weighted average shares outstanding
    332.8       355.3  
Additional shares from assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards
    2.2       3.0  
 
           
 
               
Weighted average shares and potential shares assumed outstanding for computing diluted earnings per share
    335.0       358.3  
 
           
 
               
Diluted earnings per share
  $ 1.39     $ .95  
 
           

 


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Item 2   — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations addresses the financial condition of the Corporation as of March 31, 2010 compared with December 31, 2009 and the results of operations for the quarters ended March 31, 2010 and 2009. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in this report and the consolidated financial statements and related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations included in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information
     Certain statements in this document are “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA). These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA and include statements regarding our loss reserve and reinsurance recoverable estimates; the number and severity of surety-related claims; the cost of reinsurance in 2010; the adequacy of the rates at which we renewed and wrote new business; premium volume, competition and other market conditions in 2010; the repurchase of common stock under our share repurchase program; our capital adequacy and funding of liquidity needs; and the impact of a downgrade in our credit or financial strength ratings. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “optimistic,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “likely,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are made based upon management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning trends and future developments and their potential effects on us. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those suggested by forward-looking statements as a result of risks and uncertainties, which include, among others, those discussed or identified from time to time in our public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and those associated with:
  global political conditions and the occurrence of terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological events;
 
  the effects of the outbreak or escalation of war or hostilities;
 
  premium pricing and profitability or growth estimates overall or by lines of business or geographic area, and related expectations with respect to the timing and terms of any required regulatory approvals;
 
  adverse changes in loss cost trends;
 
  our ability to retain existing business and attract new business;
 
  our expectations with respect to cash flow and investment income and with respect to other income;

 


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  the adequacy of loss reserves, including:
  -   our expectations relating to reinsurance recoverables;
 
  -   the willingness of parties, including us, to settle disputes;
 
  -   developments in judicial decisions or regulatory or legislative actions relating to coverage and liability, in particular, for asbestos, toxic waste and other mass tort claims;
 
  -   development of new theories of liability;
 
  -   our estimates relating to ultimate asbestos liabilities;
 
  -   the impact from the bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses; and
 
  -   the effects of proposed asbestos liability legislation, including the impact of claims patterns arising from the possibility of legislation and those that may arise if legislation is not passed;
  the availability and cost of reinsurance coverage;
 
  the occurrence of significant weather-related or other natural or human-made disasters, particularly in locations where we have concentrations of risk;
 
  the impact of economic factors on companies on whose behalf we have issued surety bonds, and in particular, on those companies that file for bankruptcy or otherwise experience deterioration in creditworthiness;
 
  the effects of disclosures by, and investigations of, companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, practices in the financial services industry, investment losses or other corporate governance issues, including:
  -   claims and litigation arising out of stock option “backdating,” “spring loading” and other equity grant practices by public companies;
 
  -   the effects on the capital markets and the markets for directors and officers and errors and omissions insurance;
 
  -   claims and litigation arising out of actual or alleged accounting or other corporate malfeasance by other companies;
 
  -   claims and litigation arising out of practices in the financial services industry;
 
  -   claims and litigation relating to uncertainty in the credit and broader financial markets; and
 
  -   legislative or regulatory proposals or changes;
  the effects of changes in market practices in the U.S. property and casualty insurance industry arising from any legal or regulatory proceedings, related settlements and industry reform, including changes that have been announced and changes that may occur in the future;
 
  the impact of legislative and regulatory developments on our business, including those relating to terrorism, catastrophes and the financial markets;
 
  any downgrade in our claims-paying, financial strength or other credit ratings;
 
  the ability of our subsidiaries to pay us dividends;

 


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  general political, economic and market conditions, whether globally or in the markets in which we operate including:
  -   changes in interest rates, market credit spreads and the performance of the financial markets;
 
  -   currency fluctuations;
 
  -   the effects of inflation;
 
  -   changes in domestic and foreign laws, regulations and taxes;
 
  -   changes in competition and pricing environments;
 
  -   regional or general changes in asset valuations;
 
  -   the inability to reinsure certain risks economically; and
 
  -   changes in the litigation environment; and
  our ability to implement management’s strategic plans and initiatives.
     Chubb assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking information set forth in this document, which speak as of the date hereof.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments
     The consolidated financial statements include amounts based on informed estimates and judgments of management for transactions that are not yet complete. Such estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts in the financial statements. Those estimates and judgments that were most critical to the preparation of the financial statements involved the determination of loss reserves and the recoverability of related reinsurance recoverables and the evaluation of whether a decline in value of any investment is temporary or other than temporary. These estimates and judgments, which are discussed in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 as supplemented within the following analysis of our results of operations, require the use of assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and therefore are subject to change as facts and circumstances develop. If different estimates and judgments had been applied, materially different amounts might have been reported in the financial statements.

 


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Overview
     The following highlights do not address all of the matters covered in the other sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or contain all of the information that may be important to Chubb’s shareholders or the investing public. This overview should be read in conjunction with the other sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
    Net income was $464 million in the first quarter of 2010 compared with $341 million in the same period of 2009. The higher net income in 2010 was due to net realized investment gains in the first quarter of 2010 compared with substantial net realized investment losses in the same period in 2009. Operating income, which we define as net income excluding realized investment gains and losses after tax, was lower in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 2009.
 
    Operating income was $381 million in the first quarter of 2010 compared with $514 million in the first quarter of 2009. The lower operating income in 2010 was due to lower underwriting income in our property and casualty insurance business. Management uses operating income, a non-GAAP financial measure, among other measures, to evaluate its performance because the realization of investment gains and losses in any period could be discretionary as to timing and can fluctuate significantly, which could distort the analysis of operating trends.
 
    Underwriting results were profitable in the first quarter of both 2010 and 2009, but more so in 2009. Our combined loss and expense ratio was 93.6% in the first quarter of 2010 and 88.1% in the same period of 2009. The less profitable results in 2010 were due to a substantially higher impact of catastrophes offset in part by a higher amount of favorable prior year loss development and by a lower current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophes. The impact of catastrophes accounted for 12.3 percentage points of the combined ratio in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 0.9 of a percentage point in 2009.
 
    During the first quarter of 2010, we estimate that we experienced overall favorable development of about $220 million on loss reserves established as of the previous year end, due primarily to favorable loss experience in the personal and commercial liability and professional liability classes. During the first quarter of 2009, we estimate that we experienced overall favorable development of about $130 million, primarily in the professional liability and commercial property classes.
 
    Total net premiums written increased by 1% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. The increase was attributable to the impact of currency fluctuation on business written outside the United States due to the weaker U.S. dollar in the first quarter of 2010 compared to the first quarter of 2009. Excluding the impact of currency fluctuation, net premiums written declined modestly, reflecting the ongoing impact of the general economic downturn and our continued emphasis on underwriting discipline in a market environment that remains competitive.
 
    Property and casualty investment income after tax increased by 2% in the first quarter of 2010. The increase was due primarily to the effects of currency fluctuation on income from our non-U.S. investments, in what continued to be a low yield investment environment. Management uses property and casualty investment income after tax, a non-GAAP financial measure, to evaluate its investment performance because it reflects the impact of any change in the proportion of the investment portfolio invested in tax exempt securities and is therefore more meaningful for analysis purposes than investment income before income tax.


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    Net realized investment gains before tax were $127 million ($83 million after tax) in the first quarter of 2010 compared with net realized losses before tax of $266 million ($173 million after tax) in the same period of 2009. The net realized gains in 2010 were primarily related to investments in limited partnerships, which are reported on a quarter lag, and to a lesser extent, sales of securities. The net realized losses in 2009 were primarily attributable to losses from investments in limited partnerships.
     A summary of our consolidated net income is as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Property and casualty insurance
  $ 584     $ 759  
Corporate and other
    (63 )     (63 )
 
           
Consolidated operating income before income tax
    521       696  
Federal and foreign income tax
    140       182  
 
           
Consolidated operating income
    381       514  
Realized investment gains (losses) after income tax
    83       (173 )
 
           
Consolidated net income
  $ 464     $ 341  
 
           
Property and Casualty Insurance
     A summary of the results of operations of our property and casualty insurance business is as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31  
    2010     2009  
    (in millions)  
Underwriting
               
Net premiums written
  $ 2,765     $ 2,743  
Decrease in unearned premiums
    17       83  
 
           
Premiums earned
    2,782       2,826  
 
           
Losses and loss expenses
    1,730       1,615  
Operating costs and expenses
    862       843  
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs
    (22 )     (16 )
Dividends to policyholders
    8       8  
 
           
 
               
Underwriting income
    204       376  
 
           
 
               
Investments
               
Investment income before expenses
    396       386  
Investment expenses
    9       7  
 
           
 
               
Investment income
    387       379  
 
           
 
               
Other income (charges)
    (7 )     4  
 
           
 
               
Property and casualty income before tax
  $ 584     $ 759  
 
           
 
               
Property and casualty investment income after tax
  $ 313     $ 306  
 
           


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     Property and casualty income before tax was lower in the first quarter of 2010 compared to the same period in 2009. The lower income in 2010 was due to a decrease in underwriting income, which was primarily the result of a higher impact of catastrophes during the period. Investment income increased slightly in the first quarter of 2010 compared to the first quarter of 2009, due to the effects of currency fluctuation on income from our non-U.S. investments, in what continued to be a low yield investment environment.
     The profitability of the property and casualty insurance business depends on the results of both our underwriting and investment operations. We view these as two distinct operations since the underwriting functions are managed separately from the investment function. Accordingly, in assessing our performance, we evaluate underwriting results separately from investment results.
Underwriting Results
     We evaluate the underwriting results of our property and casualty insurance business in the aggregate and also for each of our separate business units.
Net Premiums Written
     Net premiums written were $2.8 billion in the first quarter of 2010, compared with $2.7 billion in the comparable period of 2009.
     Net premiums written by business unit were as follows:
                         
    Quarter Ended March 31     %Increase  
    2010     2009     (Decrease)  
    (in millions)          
 
                       
Personal insurance
  $ 874     $ 843       4 %
Commercial insurance
    1,243       1,260       (1 )
Specialty insurance
    646       630       3  
 
                   
Total insurance
    2,763       2,733       1  
Reinsurance assumed
    2       10       (80 )
 
                   
Total
  $ 2,765     $ 2,743       1  
 
                   
     Net premiums written increased by 1% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. Premiums in the United States, which represented 70% of our premiums written in the first quarter of 2010, decreased by 4%. Premiums outside the United States, expressed in U.S. dollars, increased by 16%. The increase in premiums written outside the United States was largely due to the impact of the weaker U.S. dollar in the first quarter of 2010 compared to the first quarter of 2009. Net premiums written outside the United States grew slightly when measured in local currencies.
     Premium growth was constrained in the first quarter of 2010 by the challenging economic environment and a highly competitive marketplace where we continued our emphasis on underwriting discipline. Overall, renewal rates in the first quarter of 2010 in the U.S. commercial and professional liability businesses were similar to expiring rates. The amounts of coverage purchased or the insured exposures, both of which are bases upon which we calculate the premiums we charge, were generally flat to down slightly, particularly for our


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commercial insurance business, due to the general downturn in the economy which began in 2008. We continued to retain a high percentage of our existing customers, albeit in some cases with reduced amounts of coverage or lower insured exposures, and to renew those accounts at what we believe are acceptable rates relative to the risks. We expect the highly competitive market to continue throughout 2010.
Reinsurance Ceded
     Our premiums written are net of amounts ceded to reinsurers who assume a portion of the risk under the insurance policies we write that are subject to reinsurance.
     The most significant component of our ceded reinsurance program is property reinsurance. We purchase two types of such property treaties: catastrophe and property per risk. We renewed our major traditional property catastrophe treaties and our commercial property per risk treaty in April 2010, with no change in coverage.
     For property risks in the United States and Canada, we purchase catastrophe reinsurance in two forms. We purchase a traditional catastrophe reinsurance treaty which we refer to as our North American catastrophe treaty. We have also arranged for the purchase of multi-year, collateralized reinsurance coverage funded through the issuance of collateralized risk linked securities, known as catastrophe bonds.
     Our North American catastrophe treaty has an initial retention of $500 million.
     The combination of the North American catastrophe treaty and a portion of the catastrophe bond coverages provide coverage for United States and Canadian exposures of approximately 69% of losses (net of recoveries from other available reinsurance) between $500 million and $1.37 billion and 60% of losses between $1.37 billion and $1.65 billion. For catastrophic events in the northeastern part of the United States and in Florida, the combination of the North American catastrophe treaty and the catastrophe bond coverages provide additional coverages as discussed below.
     The catastrophe bond coverages generally provide reinsurance coverage for specific types of losses in specific geographic locations. They are generally designed to supplement coverage provided under the North American catastrophe treaty. We currently have three catastrophe bond coverages in effect: a $250 million reinsurance arrangement that expires in 2011 that provides coverage for homeowners-related hurricane losses in the northeastern part of the United States; a $200 million reinsurance arrangement that expires in 2011 that provides coverage for homeowners and commercial exposures for loss events in the northeastern part of the United States (for losses occurring elsewhere in the continental United States or Canada, the coverage is limited to $55 million); and a $150 million reinsurance arrangement that expires in 2012 that provides coverage for homeowners-related hurricane losses in Florida.
     For catastrophic events in the northeastern part of the United States, the combination of the North American catastrophe treaty and certain catastrophe bond coverages provide additional coverage of approximately 40% of losses (net of recoveries from other available reinsurance) between $1.37 billion and $2.17 billion and approximately 30% of homeowners-related hurricane losses between $1.47 billion and $2.30 billion.


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     For hurricane events in Florida, we have reinsurance from the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF), which is a state-mandated fund designed to reimburse insurers for a portion of their residential catastrophic hurricane losses. Our participation in this program limits our initial retention in Florida for homeowners-related losses to approximately $190 million and provides coverage of 90% of covered losses between approximately $190 million and $700 million. Additionally, certain catastrophe bond coverages provide coverage of approximately 50% of Florida homeowners-related hurricane losses between $850 million and $1.15 billion.
     Our primary property catastrophe treaty for events outside the United States provides coverage of approximately 75% of losses (net of recoveries from other available reinsurance) between $100 million and $350 million.
     Recoveries under our property reinsurance treaties are subject to certain coinsurance requirements that affect the interaction of some elements of our reinsurance program.
     In addition to catastrophe treaties, we also have a commercial property per risk treaty. This treaty provides up to approximately $800 million (depending upon the currency in which the insurance policy was issued) of coverage per risk in excess of our initial retention, which is generally between $25 million and $35 million.
     In addition to our major property catastrophe and property per risk treaties, we purchase several smaller property treaties that only cover specific classes of business or locations having potential concentrations of risk.
     Our property reinsurance treaties generally contain terrorism exclusions for acts perpetrated by foreign terrorists, and for nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological loss causes whether such acts are perpetrated by foreign or domestic terrorists.
     Overall, reinsurance rates for property risks have decreased in 2010, although rates have increased for non-U.S. property exposures in response to events during the first quarter such as the earthquake in Chile. We expect that the overall cost of our property reinsurance program in 2010 will be modestly lower than that in 2009.
Profitability
     The combined loss and expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the key measure of underwriting profitability traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance business. Management evaluates the performance of our underwriting operations and of each of our business units using, among other measures, the combined loss and expense ratio calculated in accordance with statutory accounting principles. It is the sum of the ratio of losses and loss expenses to premiums earned (loss ratio) plus the ratio of statutory underwriting expenses to premiums written (expense ratio) after reducing both premium amounts by dividends to policyholders. When the combined ratio is under 100%, underwriting results are generally considered profitable; when the combined ratio is over 100%, underwriting results are generally considered unprofitable.


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     Statutory accounting principles applicable to property and casualty insurance companies differ in certain respects from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Under statutory accounting principles, policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses are recognized immediately, not at the time premiums are earned. Management uses underwriting results determined in accordance with GAAP, among other measures, to assess the overall performance of our underwriting operations. To convert statutory underwriting results to a GAAP basis, policy acquisition expenses are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Underwriting income determined in accordance with GAAP is defined as premiums earned less losses and loss expenses incurred and GAAP underwriting expenses incurred.
     Underwriting results were profitable in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009. The combined loss and expense ratio for our overall property and casualty business was as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31
    2010   2009
Loss ratio
    62.3 %     57.3 %
Expense ratio
    31.3       30.8  
 
               
Combined loss and expense ratio
    93.6 %     88.1 %
 
               
     The loss ratio was higher in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. The increase was due to substantially higher catastrophe losses, offset in part by a higher amount of favorable prior year loss development and by a lower current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophes. The loss ratio in both years reflected the favorable loss experience which we believe resulted from our disciplined underwriting in recent years as well as relatively mild loss trends in certain classes of business.
     The impact of catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2010 was $344 million, including incurred losses of $331 million and reinsurance reinstatement premium costs of $13 million, which collectively represented 12.3 percentage points of the combined loss and expense ratio. This compares with catastrophe losses of $26 million, or 0.9 of a percentage point, in the same period in 2009. A significant portion of the catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2010 related to several storms on the east coast of the United States as well as the earthquake in Chile. The $13 million reinstatement premium reinstated coverage under property catastrophe treaties for events outside the United States, including coverage for property catastrophe losses in parts of Latin America.
     The expense ratio was higher in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. The increase in 2010 was due primarily to an increase in commission rates for certain classes of business in the United States.


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Review of Underwriting Results by Business Unit
Personal Insurance
     Net premiums written from personal insurance, which represented 32% of our premiums written in the first quarter of 2010, increased by 4% in the first quarter compared with the same period in 2009. The increase was due to the impact of currency fluctuation on business written outside the U.S. Excluding the impact of currency fluctuation, premiums from personal insurance decreased slightly. Net premiums written for the classes of business within the personal insurance segment were as follows:
                         
    Quarter Ended March 31        
    2010     2009     %Increase  
    (in millions)          
Automobile
  $ 146     $ 131       11 %
Homeowners
    517       514       1  
Other
    211       198       7  
 
                   
Total personal
  $ 874     $ 843       4  
 
                   
     Personal automobile premiums increased in the first quarter of 2010, driven by growth outside the United States, due to the impact of currency fluctuation and new business opportunities. Premiums for automobile business written in the United States decreased due to a highly competitive marketplace. Premium growth in our homeowners business continued to be constrained by the downturn in the United States economy which has resulted in a slowdown in new housing construction as well as lower demand for jewelry and fine arts policy endorsements. The in-force policy count for our homeowners business decreased slightly during the first quarter of 2010. Premiums from our other personal business, which includes excess liability, yacht and accident and health coverages, increased in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same periods in 2009, due primarily to the effect of currency fluctuation on the non-U.S. component of this business. Excluding the impact of currency fluctuation, premiums for our other personal business were flat.
     Our personal insurance business produced unprofitable underwriting results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with highly profitable results in the same period of 2009 due to higher homeowners catastrophe losses. The combined loss and expense ratios for the classes of business within the personal insurance segment were as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31
    2010   2009
Automobile
    91.5 %     89.8 %
Homeowners
    113.3       88.2  
Other
    87.5       97.4  
Total personal
    104.4       90.0  
     Our personal automobile business produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009. Results in both years benefited from favorable prior year loss development.


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     Homeowners results were highly unprofitable in the first quarter of 2010 compared with highly profitable results in the same period of 2009. The unprofitable results in 2010 were attributable to high catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses represented 35.1 percentage points of the combined ratio for this class in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 2.4 percentage points in the same period in 2009.
     Other personal results were highly profitable in the first quarter of 2010 compared with profitable results in the same period of 2009, with improved results in each component of this business. Our accident and health business produced profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with near breakeven results in the same period in 2009. Our excess liability business produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009, but more so in 2010 due to a higher amount of favorable prior year loss development. Our yacht business produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with unprofitable results in the same period of 2009.
Commercial Insurance
     Net premiums written from commercial insurance, which represented 45% of our premiums written in the first quarter of 2010, decreased by 1% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period a year ago. Net premiums written for the classes of business within the commercial insurance segment were as follows:
                         
    Quarter Ended March 31     %Increase  
    2010     2009     (Decrease)  
    (in millions)          
Multiple peril
  $ 254     $ 269       (6 )%
Casualty
    414       409       1  
Workers’ compensation
    222       236       (6 )
Property and marine
    353       346       2  
 
                   
Total commercial
  $ 1,243     $ 1,260       (1 )
 
                   
     The decrease in total premiums in our commercial insurance business in the first quarter of 2010 was tempered somewhat by the positive impact of currency fluctuation on business written outside the United States, particularly in the casualty and property and marine lines of business. Excluding the impact of currency fluctuation, premiums in our commercial insurance business decreased modestly, reflecting reduced exposures on renewal business due to the continuing effects of the weak economy. Overall, commercial insurance renewal rates were up slightly in the first quarter of 2010. Retention levels of our existing customers remained strong, only slightly below those in the first quarter of 2009. New business volume in the first quarter of 2010 was up slightly compared with the same period in 2009. We have continued to maintain our underwriting discipline in the competitive market, renewing business and writing new business only where we believe we are securing acceptable rates and appropriate terms and conditions for the exposures. These market conditions are expected to continue for the remainder of this year.


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     Our commercial insurance business produced profitable underwriting results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with highly profitable results in the same period in 2009. The combined loss and expense ratios for the classes of business within the commercial insurance segment were as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31
    2010   2009
Multiple peril
    112.6 %     85.7 %
Casualty
    88.4       102.7  
Workers compensation
    90.5       87.7  
Property and marine
    87.6       80.9  
Total commercial
    93.8       90.2  
     Results for our commercial insurance business were less profitable in 2010 due to a higher impact of catastrophe losses, particularly in the multiple peril and property and marine classes. The impact of catastrophe losses represented 11.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the commercial insurance segment in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 1.0 percentage point in the same period in 2009. The higher impact of catastrophe losses in the first quarter of 2010 was offset in part by more favorable development in the casualty class as well as better non-catastrophe loss experience in the multiple peril and property and marine classes. Results in both years benefited from disciplined risk selection and appropriate policy terms and conditions in recent years.
     Multiple peril results were highly unprofitable in the first quarter of 2010 compared with highly profitable results in the same period in 2009. The unprofitable results in the first quarter of 2010 were due to the significant impact of catastrophes. The impact of catastrophes was 33.7 percentage points of the combined ratio for this class in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 2.0 percentage points in the same period of 2009. Results in the first quarter of 2010 included better current accident year non-catastrophe loss experience in the property component of this business than in the same period in 2009. The liability component of this business was highly profitable in both years, but more so in 2009. Results in the first quarter of 2010 for both the property and liability components of this business benefited from favorable prior year loss development.
     Our casualty business produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with modestly unprofitable results in the same period in 2009. The significantly better results in 2010 were due to substantial improvement in the excess liability component of this business. The excess liability component produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with unprofitable results in the same period in 2009. Results in the first quarter of 2010 benefited from a significant amount of favorable prior year loss development, whereas results in the same period in 2009 were impacted by adverse prior year loss development, primarily due to one large loss. Results for the primary liability component were highly profitable in the first quarter of both years. The automobile component of this business produced modestly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 compared with highly profitable results in the same period in 2009. Casualty results in the first quarter of both years were adversely affected by incurred losses related to toxic waste claims. These losses represented 1.8 and 5.0 percentage points of the combined ratio in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009, respectively.


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     Workers’ compensation results were profitable in the first quarter of both 2010 and 2009. Results in both years benefited from our disciplined risk selection during the past several years. The less profitable results in 2010 were due in part to lower rate levels.
     Property and marine results were highly profitable in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009, but more so in 2009 due to a lower impact of catastrophes. Catastrophe losses represented 11.6 percentage points of the combined ratio for this class in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 0.3 of a percentage point in the same period of 2009.
Specialty Insurance
     Net premiums written from specialty insurance, which represented 23% of our premiums written in the first quarter of 2010, increased by 3% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. Net premiums written for the classes of business within the specialty insurance segment were as follows:
                         
    Quarter Ended March 31     %Increase  
    2010     2009     (Decrease)  
    (in millions)          
Professional liability
  $ 570     $ 553       3 %
Surety
    76       77       (1 )
 
                   
Total specialty
  $ 646     $ 630       3  
 
                   
     The increase in net premiums written in our professional liability business in the first quarter of 2010 was due to the impact of currency fluctuation on business written outside the U.S. Excluding the impact of currency fluctuation, net premiums written were down slightly in 2010. Renewal rates in the U.S. decreased slightly overall in the first quarter of 2010 compared with those in the same period of 2009. Retention levels were similar in both periods. New business volume in the first quarter of 2010 was down from that in the same period in 2009. We have continued our focus on underwriting discipline, obtaining what we believe are acceptable rates and appropriate terms and conditions on both new business and renewals.
     The decrease in net premiums written for our surety business in the first quarter of 2010 reflected the effects of the weak economy as well as increased competition. We expect this trend will continue for the remainder of the year.
     Our specialty insurance business produced highly profitable underwriting results in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009. The combined loss and expense ratios for the classes of business within the specialty insurance segment were as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31
    2010   2009
Professional liability
    86.2 %     91.3 %
Surety
    39.8       38.3  
Total specialty
    80.9       85.1  


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     Our professional liability business produced highly profitable results in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009. Results in both periods were particularly profitable in the fiduciary liability, employment practices liability and fidelity classes. The directors and officers liability class was highly profitable in the first quarter of 2010 compared with near breakeven results in the same period in 2009. Results in the errors and omissions liability class were highly unprofitable in the first quarter of both years. The overall results for our professional liability business were more profitable in 2010 due to an improvement in the current accident year loss ratio and a slightly higher amount of favorable prior year loss development compared with the first quarter of 2009. The current accident year combined ratio for our professional liability business is slightly below breakeven, lower than that for the 2009 accident year, which was more affected by systemic events such as the financial market crisis. The favorable prior year loss development in the first quarter of both years was driven mainly by continued positive loss trends related to accident years 2006 and prior. These trends were largely the result of a favorable business climate, lower policy limits and better terms and conditions.
     Surety results were highly profitable in the first quarter of both 2010 and 2009. Our surety business tends to be characterized by infrequent but potentially high severity losses.
Reinsurance Assumed
     Net premiums written from our reinsurance assumed business, which is in runoff, were not significant in the first quarter of 2010 or 2009.
     Reinsurance assumed results were profitable in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009. Results in both years benefited from favorable prior year loss development.
Loss Reserves
     Unpaid losses and loss expenses, also referred to as loss reserves, are the largest liability of our business.
     Our loss reserves include case estimates for claims that have been reported and estimates for claims that have been incurred but not reported at the balance sheet date as well as estimates of the expenses associated with processing and settling all reported and unreported claims, less estimates of anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries. Estimates are based upon past loss experience modified for current trends as well as prevailing economic, legal and social conditions. Our loss reserves are not discounted to present value.
     We regularly review our loss reserves using a variety of actuarial techniques. We update the reserve estimates as historical loss experience develops, additional claims are reported and/or settled and new information becomes available. Any changes in estimates are reflected in operating results in the period in which the estimates are changed.


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     Our gross case and incurred but not reported (IBNR) loss reserves and related reinsurance recoverable by class of business were as follows:
                                         
                                    Net  
    Gross Loss Reserves     Reinsurance     Loss  
March 31, 2010   Case     IBNR     Total     Recoverable     Reserves  
    (in millions)  
Personal insurance
                                       
Automobile
  $ 231     $ 182     $ 413     $ 14     $ 399  
Homeowners
    402       469       871       20       851  
Other
    358       675       1,033       159       874  
 
                             
Total personal
    991       1,326       2,317       193       2,124  
 
                             
 
                                       
Commercial insurance
                                       
Multiple peril
    533       1,237       1,770       89       1,681  
Casualty
    1,436       4,956       6,392       355       6,037  
Workers’ compensation
    880       1,472       2,352       192       2,160  
Property and marine
    776       457       1,233       445       788  
 
                             
Total commercial
    3,625       8,122       11,747       1,081       10,666  
 
                             
 
                                       
Specialty insurance
                                       
Professional liability
    1,577       6,362       7,939       451       7,488  
Surety
    15       49       64       8       56  
 
                             
Total specialty
    1,592       6,411       8,003       459       7,544  
 
                             
 
                                       
Total insurance
    6,208       15,859       22,067       1,733       20,334  
 
                                       
Reinsurance assumed
    285       747       1,032       338       694  
 
                             
 
                                       
Total
  $ 6,493     $ 16,606     $ 23,099     $ 2,071     $ 21,028  
 
                             
                                         
                                    Net  
    Gross Loss Reserves     Reinsurance     Loss  
December 31, 2009   Case     IBNR     Total     Recoverable     Reserves  
    (in millions)  
Personal insurance
                                       
Automobile
  $ 226     $ 187     $ 413     $ 13     $ 400  
Homeowners
    395       293       688       23       665  
Other
    372       660       1,032       160       872  
 
                             
Total personal
    993       1,140       2,133       196       1,937  
 
                             
 
                                       
Commercial insurance
                                       
Multiple peril
    550       1,091       1,641       26       1,615  
Casualty
    1,499       4,849       6,348       360       5,988  
Workers’ compensation
    887       1,448       2,335       197       2,138  
Property and marine
    781       426       1,207       449       758  
 
                             
Total commercial
    3,717       7,814       11,531       1,032       10,499  
 
                             
 
                                       
Specialty insurance
                                       
Professional liability
    1,626       6,379       8,005       453       7,552  
Surety
    18       48       66       8       58  
 
                             
Total specialty
    1,644       6,427       8,071       461       7,610  
 
                             
 
                                       
Total insurance
    6,354       15,381       21,735       1,689       20,046  
 
                                       
Reinsurance assumed
    305       799       1,104       364       740  
 
                             
 
                                       
Total
  $ 6,659     $ 16,180     $ 22,839     $ 2,053     $ 20,786  
 
                             


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     Loss reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, increased by $242 million during the first quarter of 2010. The increase in loss reserves reflected a decrease of approximately $56 million related to currency fluctuation due to the strength of the U.S. dollar at March 31, 2010 compared to December 31, 2009. Loss reserves related to our insurance business increased by $288 million during the first quarter of 2010 due primarily to catastrophe-related losses. Loss reserves related to our reinsurance assumed business, which is in runoff, decreased by $46 million.
     The increase in gross case and IBNR reserves related to our homeowners and commercial multiple peril classes of business during the first quarter of 2010 was due largely to first quarter catastrophe losses that remained unpaid at March 31. The decrease in gross case reserves related to our commercial casualty and professional liability classes of business in the first quarter of 2010 was partly due to the settlement of previously established case reserves.
     In establishing the loss reserves of our property and casualty subsidiaries, we consider facts currently known and the present state of the law and coverage litigation. Based on all information currently available, we believe that the aggregate loss reserves at March 31, 2010 were adequate to cover claims for losses that had occurred as of that date, including both those known to us and those yet to be reported. However, as discussed in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, there are significant uncertainties inherent in the loss reserving process. It is therefore possible that management’s estimate of the ultimate liability for losses that had occurred as of March 31, 2010 may change, which could have a material effect on the Corporation’s results of operations and financial condition.
     Changes in loss reserve estimates are unavoidable because such estimates are subject to the outcome of future events. Loss trends vary and time is required for changes in trends to be recognized and confirmed. Reserve changes that increase previous estimates of ultimate cost are referred to as unfavorable or adverse development or reserve strengthening. Reserve changes that decrease previous estimates of ultimate cost are referred to as favorable development or reserve releases.
     We estimate that we experienced overall favorable prior year development of about $220 million during the first quarter of 2010 compared with favorable prior year development of about $130 million in the same period of 2009.
     There was favorable development in the first quarter of 2010 in the professional liability classes, due to continued favorable loss trends related primarily to accident years 2006 and prior, in the commercial liability classes related mainly to accident years 2007 and prior, in the commercial property classes related largely to the 2008 and 2009 accident years, and in the personal insurance classes. The favorable development in the first quarter of 2009 was primarily in the professional liability classes, due to favorable loss trends related to accident years 2004 through 2006, and in the commercial property classes, largely related to the 2008 accident year.


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Investment Results
     Property and casualty investment income before taxes increased by 2% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. Most of the increase was attributable to the positive impact of the fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates on income from our non-U.S. investments. While the average invested assets of the property and casualty subsidiaries were higher during the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period of 2009, growth in investment income was limited by the continuing impact of the low yield environment on the investment of both new cash and proceeds from maturing fixed maturity securities.
     The effective tax rate on investment income was 19.1% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 19.3% in the same period of 2009. The effective tax rate fluctuates as a result of our holding a different proportion of our investment portfolio in tax exempt securities during different periods.
     On an after-tax basis, property and casualty investment income increased by 2% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009. The after-tax annualized yield on the investment portfolio that supports our property and casualty insurance business was 3.27% and 3.41% in the first quarter of 2010 and 2009, respectively.
Corporate and Other
     Corporate and other comprises investment income earned on corporate invested assets, interest expense and other expenses not allocated to our operating subsidiaries and the results of our non-insurance subsidiaries.
     Corporate and other produced a loss before taxes of $63 million in the first quarter of both 2010 and 2009.
Realized Investment Gains and Losses
     Net realized investment gains and losses were as follows:
                 
    Quarter Ended March 31  
    2010     2009  
Net realized gains (losses)
               
Fixed maturities
  $ 33     $ 30  
Equity securities
    9       11  
Other invested assets
    86       (248 )
 
           
 
    128       (207 )
 
           
 
               
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
               
Fixed maturities
    (1 )     (8 )
Equity securities
          (51 )
 
           
 
    (1 )     (59 )
 
           
 
               
Realized investment gains (losses) before tax
  $ 127     $ (266 )
 
           
 
               
Realized investment gains (losses) after tax
  $ 83     $ (173 )
 
           


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     The net realized gains and losses on other invested assets represent the aggregate of distributions to us from the limited partnerships in which we have an interest and changes in our equity in the net assets of the partnerships based on valuations provided to us by the manager of each partnership. Due to the timing of our receipt of valuation data from the investment managers, these investments are generally reported on a one quarter lag. The first quarter 2009 losses of $248 million were largely due to losses on the underlying assets held by the limited partnerships and reflected both the decline in the value of equities and the increase in credit spreads that occurred during late 2008.
     We regularly review those invested assets whose fair value is less than cost to determine if an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred. We have a monitoring process overseen by a committee of investment and accounting professionals that is responsible for identifying those securities to be specifically evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment.
     The determination of whether a decline in value of any investment is temporary or other-than-temporary requires the judgment of management. The assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of fixed maturities and equity securities is based on both quantitative criteria and qualitative information and also considers a number of factors including, but not limited to, the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the cost, the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, general market conditions and industry or sector specific factors. The decision to recognize a decline in the value of a security carried at fair value as other than temporary rather than temporary has no impact on shareholders’ equity.
     In determining whether fixed maturities are other than temporarily impaired, prior to April 1, 2009, we considered many factors including the intent and ability to hold a security for a period of time sufficient to allow for the recovery of the security’s cost. When an impairment was deemed other than temporary, the security was written down to fair value and the entire writedown was included in net income as a realized investment loss. Effective April 1, 2009, the Corporation adopted new guidance which modified the guidance on the recognition and presentation of other-than-temporary impairments of debt securities. Under the new guidance, we are required to recognize an other-than-temporary impairment loss for a fixed maturity when we conclude that we have the intent to sell or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell an impaired fixed maturity before the security recovers to its amortized cost value or it is likely we will not recover the entire amortized cost value of an impaired debt security. Also under this guidance, if we have the intent to sell or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell an impaired fixed maturity before the security recovers to its amortized cost value, the security is written down to fair value and the entire amount of the writedown is included in net income as a realized investment loss. For all other impaired fixed maturities, the impairment loss is separated into the amount representing the credit loss and the amount representing the loss related to all other factors. The amount of the impairment loss that represents the credit loss is included in net income as a realized investment loss and the amount of the impairment loss that relates to all other factors is included in other comprehensive income.


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     In determining whether equity securities are other temporarily impaired, we consider our intent and ability to hold a security for a period of time sufficient to allow us to recover our cost. If a decline in the fair value of an equity security is deemed to be other than temporary, the security is written down to fair value and the amount of the writedown is included in net income as a realized investment loss.
Income Taxes
     Net income in the first quarter of 2010 included an income tax charge of $22 million related to a decrease in deferred tax assets as a result of federal health care legislation enacted in March 2010 that eliminated the tax benefit associated with Medicare Part D subsidies we expect to receive for providing qualifying prescription drug coverage to retirees.
Capital Resources and Liquidity
     Capital resources and liquidity represent a company’s overall financial strength and its ability to generate cash flows, borrow funds at competitive rates and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs.
Capital Resources
     Capital resources provide protection for policyholders, furnish the financial strength to support the business of underwriting insurance risks and facilitate continued business growth. At March 31, 2010, the Corporation had shareholders’ equity of $15.7 billion and total debt of $4.0 billion.
     Management regularly monitors the Corporation’s capital resources. In connection with our long term capital strategy, Chubb from time to time contributes capital to its property and casualty subsidiaries. In addition, in order to satisfy capital needs as a result of any rating agency capital adequacy or other future rating issues, or in the event we were to need additional capital to make strategic investments in light of market opportunities, we may take a variety of actions, which could include the issuance of additional debt and/or equity securities. We believe that our strong financial position and current debt level provide us with the flexibility and capacity to obtain funds externally through debt or equity financings on both a short term and long term basis.
     In December 2009, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 25,000,000 shares of Chubb’s common stock. The authorization has no expiration date. During the first quarter of 2010, we repurchased 6,961,667 shares of Chubb’s common stock in open market transactions at a cost of $344 million. As of March 31, 2010, 15,198,458 shares remained under the share repurchase authorization. We expect to repurchase all of the shares remaining under the authorization by the end of 2010, subject to market conditions.
Ratings
     Chubb and its property and casualty subsidiaries are rated by major rating agencies. These ratings reflect the rating agency’s opinion of our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet our obligations to policyholders.


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     Ratings are an important factor in establishing our competitive position in the insurance markets. There can be no assurance that our ratings will continue for any given period of time or that they will not be changed.
     It is possible that one or more of the rating agencies may raise or lower our existing ratings in the future. If our credit ratings were downgraded, we might incur higher borrowing costs and might have more limited means to access capital. A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could adversely affect the competitive position of our insurance operations, including a possible reduction in demand for our products in certain markets.
Liquidity
     Liquidity is a measure of a company’s ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the short and long term cash requirements of its business operations.
     The Corporation’s liquidity requirements in the past have generally been met by funds from operations and we expect that in the future funds from operations will continue to be sufficient to meet such requirements. Liquidity requirements could also be met by funds received upon the maturity or sale of marketable securities in our investment portfolio. The Corporation also has the ability to borrow under its existing $500 million credit facility and we believe we could issue debt or equity securities.
     Our property and casualty operations provide liquidity in that premiums are generally received months or even years before losses are paid under the policies purchased by such premiums. Historically, cash receipts from operations, consisting of insurance premiums and investment income, have provided more than sufficient funds to pay losses, operating expenses and dividends to Chubb. After satisfying our cash requirements, excess cash flows are used to build the investment portfolio and thereby increase future investment income.
     Our strong underwriting results continued to generate substantial new cash. New cash from operations available for investment by our property and casualty subsidiaries was approximately $325 million in the first quarter of 2010 compared with $450 million in the same period in 2009. New cash available was lower as a result of the property and casualty subsidiaries paying dividends of $300 million to Chubb in the first quarter of 2010 compared with no dividends paid to Chubb in the first quarter of 2009. This was caused by a difference in the timing of subsidiary dividends in 2009 and those anticipated in 2010. Partially offsetting the impact of the timing of dividend payments to Chubb was the impact of lower income tax payments in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same period in 2009.
     Our property and casualty subsidiaries maintain substantial investments in highly liquid, short term marketable securities. Accordingly, we do not anticipate selling long term fixed maturity investments to meet any liquidity needs.
     Chubb’s liquidity requirements primarily include the payment of dividends to shareholders and interest and principal on debt obligations. The declaration and payment of future dividends to Chubb’s shareholders will be at the discretion of Chubb’s Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements and any regulatory constraints.


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     As a holding company, Chubb’s ability to continue to pay dividends to shareholders and to satisfy its debt obligations relies on the availability of liquid assets, which is dependent in large part on the dividend paying ability of its property and casualty subsidiaries. The timing and amount of dividends paid by the property and casualty subsidiaries to Chubb may vary from year to year. Our property and casualty subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate that restrict the amount of dividends they may pay without the prior approval of regulatory authorities. The restrictions are generally based on net income and on certain levels of policyholders’ surplus as determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices. Dividends in excess of such thresholds are considered “extraordinary” and require prior regulatory approval. The maximum dividend distribution that may be made by the property and casualty subsidiaries to Chubb during 2010 without prior regulatory approval is approximately $1.5 billion.
Invested Assets
     The main objectives in managing our investment portfolios are to maximize after-tax investment income and total investment returns while minimizing credit risks in order to ensure that funds will be available to meet our insurance obligations. Investment strategies are developed based on many factors including underwriting results and our resulting tax position, regulatory requirements, fluctuations in interest rates and consideration of other market risks. Investment decisions are centrally managed by investment professionals based on guidelines established by management and approved by the boards of directors of Chubb and its respective operating companies.
     Our investment portfolio primarily comprises high quality bonds, principally tax exempt securities, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities, as well as foreign government and corporate bonds that support our operations outside the United States. The portfolio also includes equity securities, primarily publicly traded common stocks, and other invested assets, primarily private equity limited partnerships, all of which are held with the primary objective of capital appreciation.
     Our objective is to achieve the appropriate mix of taxable and tax exempt securities in our portfolio to balance both investment and tax strategies. At March 31, 2010, 66% of our U.S. fixed maturity portfolio was invested in tax exempt bonds, compared with 67% at December 31, 2009. About 80% of our tax exempt bonds are rated AA or better by Moody’s or Standard and Poor’s, with about 20% rated AAA. The average rating of our tax exempt bonds is AA. While about 40% of our tax exempt bonds are insured, the effect of insurance on the average credit rating of these bonds is insignificant. The insured tax exempt bonds in our portfolio have been selected based on the quality of the underlying credit and not the value of the credit insurance enhancement.
     At March 31, 2010, we held $3.5 billion of mortgage-backed securities which comprised 21% of our taxable bond portfolio. About 96% of the mortgage-backed securities are rated AAA, and of the remaining 4%, about half are investment grade. Of the AAA rated securities, about 50% are residential mortgage-backed securities, consisting of government agency pass-through securities guaranteed by a government agency or a government sponsored enterprise (GSE), GSE collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) and other CMOs, all backed by single family home mortgages. The majority of the CMOs are


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actively traded in liquid markets. The other 50% of the AAA rated securities are call protected, commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). About 90% of our CMBS are senior securities with the highest level of subordination. The remainder of our CMBS are seasoned securities that were issued in 2004 or earlier.
     The net unrealized appreciation before tax of our fixed maturities and equity securities carried at fair value was $1.8 billion at March 31, 2010 compared with net unrealized appreciation before tax of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2009. Such unrealized appreciation is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of applicable deferred income tax.
Fair Values of Financial Instruments
     Fair values of financial instruments are determined using valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Fair values are generally measured using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities or other inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, that are observable either directly or indirectly. In those instances where observable inputs are not available, fair values are measured using unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. Fair value estimates derived from unobservable inputs are affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and the estimated amounts and timing of future cash flows. The derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange.
     The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure the fair values of our fixed maturities and equity securities into three broad levels as follows:
  Level 1 —   Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
 
  Level 2 —   Other inputs that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly.
 
  Level 3 —   Inputs that are unobservable.
     The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair values of financial instruments are as follows:
     Fair values for fixed maturities are determined by management, utilizing prices obtained from an independent, nationally recognized pricing service or, in the case of securities for which prices are not provided by a pricing service, from independent brokers. For fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets, market quotations are provided. For fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service and brokers provide fair value estimates using a variety of inputs including, but not limited to, benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers, reference data, prepayment spreads and measures of volatility. Management reviews on an ongoing basis the reasonableness of the methodologies used by the


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relevant pricing service and brokers. In addition, management, using the prices received for the securities from the pricing service and brokers, determines the aggregate portfolio price performance and reviews it against applicable indices. If management believes that significant discrepancies exist, it will discuss these with the relevant pricing service or broker to resolve the discrepancies.
     Fair values of equity securities are based on quoted market prices.
     The carrying value of short term investments approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these investments.
     Fair values of long term debt issued by Chubb are determined by management, utilizing prices obtained from an independent, nationally recognized pricing service.
     A pricing service provides fair value amounts for approximately 99% of our fixed maturities. The prices we obtain from a pricing service and brokers generally are non-binding, but are reflective of current market transactions in the applicable financial instruments.
     At March 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, we did not hold financial instruments in our investment portfolio for which a lack of market liquidity impacted our determination of fair value.
Item 4 — Controls and Procedures
     As of March 31, 2010, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer. Based on that evaluation, Chubb’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2010.
     During the quarter ended March 31, 2010, there were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.


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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A — Risk Factors
     The Corporation’s business is subject to a number of risks, including those identified in Item 1A of Chubb’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, that could have a material effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity and that could cause our operating results to vary significantly from fiscal period to fiscal period. The risks described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also could have a material effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity.
Item 2 — Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
     The following table summarizes Chubb’s stock repurchased each month in the quarter ended March 31, 2010:
                                 
                    Total Number of   Maximum Number of
                    Shares Purchased   Shares that May
    Total Number   Average   as Part of   Yet Be Purchased
    of Shares   Price Paid   Publicly Announced   Under the
    Purchased(a)   Per Share   Plans or Programs   Plans or Programs(b)
Period
                               
January 2010
    1,470,339     $ 48.80       1,470,339       20,689,786  
February 2010
    3,308,113       48.80       3,308,113       17,381,673  
March 2010
    2,183,215       50.93       2,183,215       15,198,458  
 
                               
Total
    6,961,667       49.47       6,961,667          
 
                               
 
(a)   The stated amounts exclude 5,276 shares, 4,738 shares and 14,382 shares delivered to Chubb during the months of January 2010, February 2010 and March 2010, respectively, by employees of the Corporation to cover option exercise prices and withholding taxes in connection with the Corporation’s stock-based compensation plans.
 
(b)   On December 3, 2009, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 25,000,000 shares of common stock. The authorization has no expiration date.


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Item 6 — Exhibits
     
Exhibit    
Number   Description
 
  - Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
31.1
  Certification by John D. Finnegan filed herewith.
31.2
  Certification by Richard G. Spiro filed herewith.
 
   
 
  - Section 1350 Certifications
32.1
  Certification by John D. Finnegan filed herewith.
32.2
  Certification by Richard G. Spiro filed herewith.
 
   
 
  - Interactive Data File
101.INS*
  XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*
  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*
  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*
  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*
  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
 
*   Pursuant to applicable securities laws and regulations, the Corporation is deemed to have complied with the reporting obligation relating to the submission of interactive data files in such exhibits and is not subject to liability under any anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws as long as the Corporation has made a good faith attempt to comply with the submission requirements and promptly amends the interactive data files after becoming aware that the interactive data files fail to comply with the submission requirements. Users of this data are advised that, pursuant to Rule 406T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed and otherwise are not subject to liability.
SIGNATURES
     Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, The Chubb Corporation has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
         
  THE CHUBB CORPORATION

              (Registrant)
 
 
  By:   /s/ John J. Kennedy    
    John J. Kennedy   
    Senior Vice-President and
Chief Accounting Officer 
 
 
Date: May 7, 2010