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Filed Pursuant To Rule 433
Registration No. 333-167132
September 21, 2010
WORLD GOLD COUNCIL
THE 10-YEAR GOLD BULL MARKET IN PERSPECTIVE
About The World Gold Council
The World Gold Councils mission is to
stimulate and sustain the demand for gold and to
create enduring value for its stakeholders. The
organisation represents the worlds leading gold
mining companies, who produce approximately 60% of
global corporate gold mining production and whose
Chairmen and CEOs form the Board of the World Gold
Council (WGC).
As the gold industrys key market development body,
WGC works with multiple partners to create structural
shifts in demand and to promote the use of gold in
all its forms; as an investment by opening new market
channels and making golds wealth preservation
qualities better understood; in jewellery through the
development of the premium market and the protection
of the mass market; in industry through the
development of the electronics market and the support
of emerging technologies and in government affairs
through engagement in macro-economic policy issues,
lowering regulatory barriers to gold ownership and
the promotion of gold as a reserve asset.
The WGC is a commercially-driven organisation and is
focussed on creating a new prominence for gold. It
has its headquarters in London and operations in the
key gold demand centres of India, China, the Middle
East and United States. The WGC is the leading source
of independent research and knowledge on the
international gold market and on golds role in
meeting the social and economic demands of society.
1
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Contents
September 2010
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3
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Summary
Reserve managers and investors are increasingly
recognising the strategic case for including gold in
a portfolio due to its diversification benefits and
the protection it can afford against macroeconomic
risks. However, successive new records in the gold
price have increased concerns that gold may be
overvalued vis-à-vis other assets. Some investors and
market commentators even question whether the gold
market is in a bubble. In this paper, the World
Gold Council takes a statistical approach to these
concerns and examines the prospects for future gold
demand. Through our analysis we examine the
statistical characteristics of prior bubbles to
assess current developments in gold. Unambiguously,
the results show that gold price developments do not
resemble the statistical characteristics of past
bubbles, including those of the US housing market,
the Nasdaq technology bubble, and the Japanese Nikkei
equity market bubble. Additionally, we find that the
gold price is consistent with its long-run average
level compared with a range of different assets
including equity indices and hard assets like oil.
Furthermore, we demonstrate that the outlook for gold
market demand remains robust, due among other
reasons, to the strength of emerging markets, a
fundamental shift in the behaviour of central banks,
and a recovery and new advances in industrial demand
for gold.
4
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
For more information, please contact:
Ashish Bhatia
Manager, Government Affairs
ashish.bhatia@gold.org
Natalie Dempster
Director, Government Affairs
natalie.dempster@gold.org
George Milling-Stanley
Managing Director, Government Affairs
george.milling-stanley@gold.org
5
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Steady increase in investment flows
Gold demand has benefited from flight-to-quality
flows associated with the financial crisis and the
measures put in place to remedy it (namely,
quantitative easing from the worlds central banks).
This is evident from the sharp acceleration in gold
investment that occurred in 2008, when macroeconomic
and financial market uncertainties were most
pronounced. However, todays gold price is by no
means simply a reflection of those inflows. The
financial crisis began around mid-June 2007, while
the rally in the gold price began five years earlier,
in 2001-2002. Over the past ten years, the gold price
has increased in periods of stagnant or even
declining investment, not just during periods of
heightened investment demand. For example, between Q1
2002 and Q1 2004 identifiable investment inflows into
gold fell by 21% from 126 to 99 tonnes, while the
gold price increased by 41%. Also between Q2 2006 and
Q2 2008, gold identifiable investment was relatively
flat increasing from 146 to 152 tonnes (4%), while
the gold price increased by a robust
67%.1 More recently, the gold price has
continued to appreciate while flight-to-quality flows
have reversed, as investors have put money back to
work in equity and other riskier markets.
Thus, while it is true that flight-to-quality related
flows supported gold prices in 2008, much of these
have already abated or reversed, yet gold has
continued to rise. Golds independence from these
flows can also be demonstrated by comparing the gold
price to the VIX index (chart 2), a measure of
volatility for the S&P500, and a general barometer of
investors risk appetite. The VIX index declined
sharply from its peaks of 80 in the fall of 2008 to
as low as 15 earlier this year signifying a marked
change in attitude toward risk. Despite this decline
in risk aversion, gold continued to appreciate for
most of this period.
Lessons from prior asset bubbles
Comparing the evolution of gold price against
actual asset price bubble experiences clearly
illustrates that the pace and increase in the gold
price does not reflect a bubble. Asset price bubbles
are extremely difficult to expose while an asset is
rising in value and as such, global policy makers
have often avoided addressing them as most academics
believe bubbles are impossible to predict.
Nevertheless, academics and contrarian investors
often examine the statistical significance of asset
price returns by looking at z-scores to determine if asset prices have risen at
a statistically highly unlikely pace.
Source: GFMS
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1 |
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We have used Identifiable Investment; however, Total Investment yields similar findings
which rose 5% between Q1 2002 & 2004 and declined 24% between Q2 2006 & 2008. Total Investment
includes inferred investment a balancing value between demand and supply. |
6
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
A statistical approach
A z-score is the number of standard deviations a particular data point within a data set is from
the average return. In our analysis we examine the z-scores of quarterly rolling annual returns of
gold, the Case Shiller 10 city US housing price index, the Nasdaq composite, and the Japanese
Nikkei index. Each of these price indices experienced notable historic asset price bubbles,
characterised by a significant run up in asset prices, followed by a significant decline. In the
graphs in chart 3, a high z-score, at or above two standard deviations would indicate that the
returns for that year had a probability of occurring of less than five percent assuming returns are
normally distributed. Thus any given annual return that has a higher z-score would be less likely
to occur then a return with a lower z-score. We can thus utilize the criteria of looking for 2
sigma2 or greater events as evidence of a likely bubble, as these returns are very unlikely given
the normal tendency of the asset. Furthermore, in the chart we present only positive z-scores as
this allows us to focus only on the appreciation of prices rather than a decline.
Gold
In examining the results for gold, two things should immediately strike the reader. First, like
each of the other assets selected, gold experienced a bubble which is visible with its greater than
two sigma returns in 1980. This period of rapid gold price appreciation was a bubble and reflective
of a number of extreme geo-political and economic events, including the Iranian revolution, the oil
price spike and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The second and more important result visible
from the data set is that since that period, gold has not experienced any other 2 sigma events. In
fact, each of the other asset prices examined have experienced 2 sigma events in the past five
years, while gold has not reflecting that golds annual returns appear to be in line with normal
likely returns.
US housing bubble
In the second graph, we examine US house prices by using the Case Shiller 10 city index and
plotting the z-scores on vertical axes.3 While housing prices have been rising steadily over past
30 years, recent innovations in mortgage finance, among many other factors, were largely
considered to have contributed to a large run up in housing prices between 2003 and 2006. Looking
at the data we note that the yearly change between 2004 and 2005 registered a 2.25 sigma return,
consistent with our expectations in finding a bubble.
US technology bubble
In the late 90s, the US witnessed an incredible technology boom as computer technology and the
internet became an increasing presence in households. The boom was centred in the so called Silicon
Valley of the United States, and was characterised by a rapid run up in prices of technology
shares, for companies that in many cases had not yet
Source: Bloomberg
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2 |
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s Sigma, is the mathematical symbol for standard deviation. Events are often
described as being an X sigma event, to illustrate the rarity of the event. |
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3 |
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For this analysis we used the Case Shiller 10 city index as the OFHEO US housing index
does not include non-conforming mortgages which was a critical component of the US housing bubble,
as most agree that a decline in non-conforming lending standards contributed to the bubble. |
7
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
recognised a profit. Consistent with the
technology bubble, we see in the third graph in chart
3 that the US Nasdaq composite, considered the
technology index, experienced a 2.75 sigma return
exactly at the peak of the technology bubble in early
2000.
Japanese bubble economy
Consistent with the patterns observed in the last
three bubbles examined, we see in the final graph
below that the Japanese Nikkei index also experienced
a 3 + sigma event in the height of its bubble between
1986 and 1987. Following WWII, Japan experienced
incredible real growth, which lead to Japans
emergence as the second largest economy in the world.
However, in the 80s, financial assets and real estate
prices rapidly increased at a disconnected level to
the real economy. After the bubble finally collapsed
in 1990, the stock market and real estate prices have
yet to reach the highs witnessed during that period.
With Japan, now experiencing its second lost decade
since the so called Bubble Economy, citizens still
marvel at euphoria of that period. Interestingly, the
Nikkei experienced a similar unlikely pace of
appreciation in the late 90s at the same time as the
technology bubble in the US.
Comparing gold with global asset prices
Relative price analysis also suggests that gold
is not overvalued. Before turning to ratio analysis,
its important to note that while the price of gold
continues to reach successive new nominal highs, that
in real terms gold remains below its all time high.
Chart 4 illustrates gold in nominal and real terms.
Using a ratio of two asset prices can be another
useful approach in evaluating the relationship of two
assets over time. If a ratio is continually widening,
one can infer that one asset has increased or
decreased significantly in value relative to another.
Likewise, if the ratio remains stable, one can infer
that the two assets are trending in the same manner.
In chart 5 we
Source: Bloomberg and WGC calculations |
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* |
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Only positive values are plotted for Z-scores. The graphs are consistently truncated at a maximum
z-score of three to make it easier to see the results of the most recent events as that is the
period of interest. Bubble period maximum z-scores are as follows: Gold in Q2 1980, 4.9; Case
Shiller 10 city index in Q3 2005, 2.25; Nasdaq in Q1 2000, 2.75; Nikkei in Q2 1986, 3.33. |
8
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Source: Bloomberg and WGC calculations
examine a ratio of two major global equity
indices (in US$ terms), WTI crude oil, and silver
relative to gold. Ratios remove the importance of
particular levels therefore its useful to observe
the trend of the ratio
rather than the value.
From this chart, we can see that the ratio of
the price of gold to each asset price has varied
considerably over time. If the price of gold was
disconnected from these assets, the ratio would be
rising rapidly to extreme levels;
however, the ratio of the gold price to each
index is comfortably between the high and low points
experienced in the past. For example, from chart 5
you can see that the S&P500 is currently at a ratio
of approximately 1 to 1 with gold, which is
consistent with its 36 year average. Likewise, the
ratio of the gold to oil is 15.5 as of July 31st,
which is also consistent with its 30 year average of
15. Finally, examining gold to silver, we observe
that the ratio is also in line with its past range at
65, near its average of 58. Therefore, in examining
gold price appreciation relative to global equity
markets and tangible assets like oil and silver, we
find that golds price remains
consistent with long-run average levels.
Source: Bloomberg, Global Insight and WGC calculations
Source: Bloomberg, Global Insight and WGC calculations
9
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Gold and the interest rate cycle
A related concern raised among investors is
that a turn in the interest rate cycle could lead
to a sudden and significant decline in asset
prices. These concerns are clearly important and
real, especially for fixed income investors. In
fact, the financial community is in quite a
quandary on how to invest in fixed income, as once
the rates cycle turns; fixed income investors
stand to lose significant market value in their
long duration securities. However, in the case of
gold, as gold has historically had very little
meaningful correlation with any asset, we see these
concerns as unwarranted.
Source: Global Insight, Barclays Capital, WGC
Examining golds correlation with other assets, we
see that there is no strong relationship with most
other asset classes. Chart 6 illustrates five-year
correlations of weekly returns of several major
asset class groups (including fixed income) to
gold and illustrates no significant relationships
between these assets and gold. Many investors are
attracted to gold for the very reason that gold
added to a portfolio acts as an effective
portfolio diversifier.
While several bond indices are illustrated in
chart 6, including two US Treasury indices, we
also decided to examine the correlation between
10-year benchmark US Treasury yields and the gold
price more directly. Chart 7 illustrates the
rolling 30 day correlation between basis point
changes in 10-year Treasury yields and percent
change in gold prices. The correlation is not
stable, exhibiting both negative and positive
periods and is only briefly greater than 0.50.
Thus, as this cycle ends, given the non-stability
of this correlation, its most likely that gold
will not be directly impacted by simply a change
in yields.
Source: Bloomberg and WGC calculations
10
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
The outlook for gold demand
Past trends and relative trends may not be
reflective of future expectations of price
developments, thus its equally important to consider
future demand prospects. The World Gold Council
believes gold demand has abundant capacity for growth
based on various factors including in particular the
rapid growth of emerging markets, a fundamental shift
in the behaviour of central banks, and a recovery and
new advances in industrial demand for gold.
There is vast scope for growth in gold demand in
China
The WGC believes Chinese gold demand has the
potential to double from todays levels over the next
decade. We expect gold consumption in China to catch
up with the rest of the world following the
deregulation of the Chinese gold market that took
place in 2001. Although the countrys appetite for
gold has grown significantly since that time (it
became the worlds second largest consumer of gold in
2009, in tonnage terms), the countrys per capita
demand for gold remains well below that of western
economies. Rising average incomes, a surplus of
investable income derived from a high savings rate
and improving standards of living in China should
fuel significant growth in Chinese gold demand over
the next decade, especially of discretionary spending
in the jewellery sector.4 Chart 8
illustrates the intensity of gold consumption in
selected countries by examining each countrys gold
demand per capita versus its gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita for 2009. From this chart we are
able to see Chinas vast scope for growth in gold
demand as it moves from the left of the graph toward
to the right.
There is also huge scope for growth in investment
demand. As the gold industry was liberalised less
than a decade ago, it is still very much a developing
market in China. We believe that the amount of gold
coins and bars in private hands in China are much
less than in countries like India and Vietnam,
meaning there is ample scope for growth. In addition,
total gold investment, i.e. including new products
like gold exchange-traded funds and other ways to
access the gold market, should be stimulated by the
recent Proposals for Promoting the Development of
the Gold Market, introduced jointly by the Peoples
Bank of China, the National Development and Reform
Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology, the Ministry of Finance,
the State Bureau of Taxation and the Chinese
Securities Regulatory Commission. The WGC is firmly
committed to this goal. In April 2010, the WGC and
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) signed
a memorandum of understanding for strategic
cooperation within Chinas gold market. This
agreement will, amongst other things, see WGC and
ICBC jointly develop and market new gold
investment products within the country.
Golds increasing role in emerging market and
developing countries foreign reserves
There is also vast scope for growth in official
sector demand. The past two years have seen a
fundamental shift in the behaviour of central banks
with respect to gold. After being large net sellers
of gold for two decades, central banks turned a net
purchaser in the second quarter of 2009. Several key
central banks such as China, Russia, India and the
Philippines have all purchased substantial amounts of
gold over the past two years, while central banks of
Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Mauritius and Tajikistan have
bought smaller amounts. Meanwhile, sales of gold by
European central banks have ground to a complete
halt.
The worlds central banks currently hold an
approximate cumulative 10.7% of their foreign
reserves in gold with vast differences across
regions. Advanced countries hold around a third of
their reserves in gold, mainly as a legacy of the
gold standard days, while the rest of the world holds
less than 5% of their reserves in gold. Meanwhile,
developing Asia holds less than half that amount.
Given the size of Asian reserves, even a tiny
increase in the percentage of reserves held in gold
could have a profound effect on the gold market. For
example, a one percentage point increase, from the
current 2.4% of total reserves to 3.4% would amount
to around 900 tonnes of extra gold demand or 36% of
annual mine production in 2009. As Asian central
banks allocations to gold are at the very bottom and
below the level portfolio optimisation models suggest
is an optimal strategic allocation to
gold5 its very likely that we could
see allocations to gold in this region rise.
Moreover, these models do not take account of todays
economic environment, which would strongly argue for
an additional overlay to gold to protect against
current macro-economic risks.
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4 |
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See the WGCs China Gold Report: Gold in the Year of the Tiger, March 2010. |
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5 |
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Dempster, Natalie, (2010), The Importance of Gold in Reserve Asset Management, WGC.
For a comprehensive list of our publications, go to http://www.gold.org. |
11
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
One of the biggest risks facing reserve
managers at the moment is the dire fiscal situation
in Europe. Recent downgrades of the growth outlook by
leading central banks, such as the US Federal Reserve
and the Bank of England, signal stronger fears over a
double dip recession. Ongoing difficulties in the
European banking sector or a stalled global
recovery could easily see the euro area slip back
into recession, leading to renewed sovereign debt
downgrades and a further decline in the euro.
Since the investment guidelines of emerging market
central banks often limit their reserves to being
invested in a few key assets, such as deposits,
government debt, quasi-government debt and gold, new
fears over possible debt defaults/downgrades
could see a sharp acceleration in the trend of higher
gold purchases, by both official and private
investors. Most such central banks cannot, for
example, simply take refuge in the equity markets
if that were even an attractive option. Furthermore,
a recent report by the Centre for European Policy
Studies, finds that in both optimistic and gloomy
scenarios for the Eurozone, gold demand is likely to
be positively impacted as either global growth or a
reluctance to add to euro positions will support gold
demand.6
Finally, its worth highlighting at this juncture
that despite the rapid growth in gold investment in
recent years, allocations to gold as a percentage of
global assets under management (AUM) remains very
low, roughly 1% accordingly to our estimates.
Source: GFMS, IMF, WGC estimates
Note: Demand includes Jewellery and Investment demand and excludes central bank purchases
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics
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* |
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Reported in April 2009, but purchases took place gradually over the preceding five years |
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6 |
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Alcidi, C., De Gauwe, P., Gros, D., Oh, Y., (2010). The Future of Eurozone and Gold, Centre for European Policy Studies. Retrieved from http://www.ceps.eu. |
12
The 10-year Gold Bull Market in perspective
Source: IMF International Financial Statistics
Source: JPMorgan, Barclays Capital, HFR, GFMS, FTSE/EPRA, 10 BIS, WGC
Industrial demand for gold to remain supportive
We see a smaller, but nonetheless important
source of growth coming from industrial
and medical uses of gold. The
electronics market, by far the largest industrial market
for gold, is expected to see a surge in demand.
According to industry body SEMI, the predicted growth of
the consumer electronics market will mean that
semiconductor chip sales will experience very
substantial growth over the next 5 years, with a likely
corresponding growth in gold demand. In the short to
medium term, other significant markets are expected to
come on line. New advances in autocatalysts and chemical
processing will generate
incremental demand for gold, the size of which will
depend on market penetration of the technologies.
Longer term we expect advances in clean technologies
such as solar cells and fuel cells to develop into
significant new markets for the metal.7
Conclusions
With the strategic case for gold well
solidified among investors and reserve managers, in
this report we assessed the question of whether
successive new records in the gold price are a signal
that gold is overvalued or even in a bubble. In this
paper, the World Gold Council used a statistical
approach to these concerns and examined the prospects
for future demand. Through our analysis we examined
the statistical characteristics of prior bubbles to
assess current developments in gold. Unambiguously,
the results showed that gold price developments do
not resemble statistical characteristics of past
bubbles, including those of the US housing market,
the Nasdaq technology bubble, and the Japanese Nikkei
equity market bubble. Additionally, we found that the
gold price is consistent with its long-run average level compared with a range of different assets including equity
indices and hard assets like oil. Furthermore, we
demonstrated that there is ample scope for continued
robust growth in gold market demand, due among other
reasons, to the strength of emerging markets, a
fundamental shift in the behaviour of central banks,
and a recovery and new advances in industrial demand
for gold.
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7 |
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See WGCs Gold for Good: Gold and nanotechnology in the age of innovation,
January 2010. For a comprehensive list of our publications, go to http://www.gold.org. |
Disclaimers
This report is published by the World Gold
Council (WGC), 10 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7NG,
United Kingdom. Copyright © 2010. All rights
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